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중국 당(唐).송(宋) 목조건축의 하앙 결구기법 변천 연구
장헌덕,Chang, Hun-Duck 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.6
The bracket sets which are supporting the weight of the roof, has to meet both requirements which are structural functions and act as an ornamental element. Therefore the bracket sets differ in many types from time and space and has done an important role in the history of architecture with many studies being presented. The first form of the bracket set has been found in the bronze table relics in zhong shan wang ling (中山王陵). Through the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. 25-220) it became more specific in the shique (石闕) and huaxiangshi (畵像石) in the Han dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220). Afterwards, as Buddhism was introduced to China, the bracket construction techniques shown in the Mogao Caves, Yungang Grottoes, and Longmen Grottoes has given much help for understanding the building techniques of wooden architecture. Especially the Xia-ang structure seen in the Mogao caves shows a vast development in wooden structure and a typical building would be the main hall of Fo Guang Shan monastery in Mt. Wutaishan from the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907). This accumulated techniques is inscribed in the 'Ying Zao Fa Shi (營造法式)' wooden structure designs which was published during the Northern Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1127) and many buildings were constructed following this technique after the publication. During this period, it is assumed that Baek-jae (B.C.18-A.D.660) in the Korean peninsula also used the Xia-ang technique, but there havn't been many studies on this field. In this thesis it is introducing the development of the building techniques and structural features of the Xia-ang wooden architecture during the Tang and Song dynasty.
朝鮮時代 兩班住宅의 空間的 特性과 그 造形性-匠人의 計劃思想과 造型美를 위주로-
장헌덕 아시아민족조형학회 2000 아시아민족조형학보 Vol.- No.-
A long time ago, architects built houses beside brooks and in areas which could protect them from northern winds in harsh winters Poong Soo Ji Ri Sul which were spread from the Goryuh dynasty had changed into Myoung Dang theory which was settled in Jo sun Dynasty. Then it became a major factor in choosing the site for a house. Yang Dong folk village in KyoungJu and Ha Whey Fold Village in Andong have backed up this theory. While moralism in confucianism was changing into pragmatism, the living areas for men and women were strictly divided. Architects divided houses into Sa Rang Chay, which was the men's area and Ahn Chay which was the women's area.<br/> These kinds of methods are distinguishable among China, Japan and Korea. We also can see the excellent aesthetic senses of carpenters in the windows and which surrounded the floor, these architects became professional after the 18th century and were paid according to their skill levels. They can be divided Into two different groups: Dae Moke and So Moke. Dae Moke were in charge of the main structures and the So Moke were in charge of detailed work such as windows and railings. Many planes were used by carpenters<br/> There were no special methods for making these tools and they were used differently by carpenters. For example the wood place Traditional Kroean places are different from Japan's In order to shape wood it has to be pushed forward so it may not have been easy to shape the surface of wood but it was easy to use. Japanese planes could shape wood more delicately. These differences have shown Korean architecture to be crude and simple and Japan's to be delicate and detailed.