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Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Malignant External Otitis
이상국,이세아,선상우,정재현,이종대,최재영,김보경 대한이비인후과학회 2017 Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology Vol.10 No.3
Objectives. Malignant external otitis (MEO) is a potentially fatal infection of the external auditory canal, temporal bone, and skull base. Despite treatment with modern antibiotics, MEO can lead to skull base osteomyelitis. Until now, there have been few studies on the prognostic factors of MEO. Methods. We performed a retrospective study to identify prognostic factors of MEO, and a meta-analysis of other articles investigating MEO. On the basis of disease progression the 28 patients in our study were divided into ‘controlled’ and ‘uncontrolled’ groups, consisting of 12 and 16 patients, respectively. We identified three categories of prognostic factors: those related to patient, disease, and treatment. We compared these prognostic factors between the controlled and uncontrolled groups. Results. In our study, the duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), presence of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging findings influenced the prognosis of MEO. In contrast, prognosis was unrelated to age, gender, mean glucose level, hemoglobin A1c level, pathogen, comorbidity, or cranial nerve involvement. No factor related to treatment modality was correlated with prognosis, such as surgery, steroid therapy, or interval to the first appropriate treatment. Cranial nerve involvement has been proven to be associated with disease progression, but the relationship between cranial nerve involvement and the prognosis of MEO remains controversial. As a part of this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of cranial nerve involvement as a prognostic factor of MEO. We found that cranial nerve involvement has a statistically significant influence on the prognosis of MEO. Conclusion. We found that glycemic control in diabetes mellitus, cranial nerve involvement, and the extent of disease determined from various imaging modalities influence the prognosis of MEO. We suggest that significant prognostic factors should be monitored to determine the prognosis of patients with MEO.
관수빈도에 따른 Kentucky Bluegrass 생육
이상국 한국잔디학회 2012 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.26 No.2
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is most widely used in golf courses and athletic fields. Weakness of Kentucky bluegrass is shallow root zone and has weak tolerance to shade. One of the biggest disadvantages is high demand of water. Water content is important factor to maintain excellent color and quality of turfgrass. There are two irrigation methods which are ‘deep and infrequent (DI)’ and ‘Light and frequent (LI)’. The objective of the study is to investigate Kentucky bluegrass growth treated by different irrigation frequency. Three irrigation frequency were made; no irrigation, every other day, and weekly. The same amount of water was used between every other day and weekly irrigation except no irrigation. No irrigation mean no artificial water supply and precipitation only. No irrigation treatment produced turfgrass quality lower than acceptable rating of six in July and August. Under the weather condition of 2011, no irrigation could not maintained acceptable turfgrass quality. No significant differences were found for Kentucky bluegrass quality between DI and LI. Kentucky bluegrass 는 경기장과 골프장의 Tee 나 Fairway 등에 가장 많이 사용이 되는 한지형잔디 초종중의 하나이다. 그러나 Kentucky bluegrass 는 뿌리층이 얕고 그늘에 약한 단점들이 있다. Kentucky bluegrass 의 가장 큰 단점중의 하나는 성장을 위해 수분이 많이 요구되는 초종이다. 올바른 수분관리는 잔디의 시각적 색감과 품질을 유지하기 위해 아주 중요한 요소중의 하나이다. 잔디의 성장을위해 수분을 공급하는 관수 방법에는 light and frequent (LI) 적은양을 빈번하게 관수하는 방법과, deep and infrequent (DI) 많은양을 필요시에 공급하는 두가지의 방법이 있다. 본 실험은 Kentucky bluegrass 의 생육을 위한 관수빈도의차이를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 실험을 위해 무관수,매주 4회, 그리고 매주 1회의 3가지 관수방법이 사용되었다. 무관수 처리구의 경우 인위적인 관수는 수행되지 않았으며 Kentucky bluegrass 의 생육을 위해 수분공급은 강수량에 의해서만 이루어졌다. 본 실험결과 2011년 기상조건하에서 강우량에 의존한 무관수는 7,8 월에 최소수용품질을 나타내기 어렵다고 판단되며, 관수빈도에 따른 Kentucky bluegrass 생육의 차이는 나타나지 않는 것으로 나타났다.
Irrigation Frequency and Nitrogen Rates for Tall Fescue Growth
이상국 한국잔디학회 2014 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.3 No.2
Tall fescue is commonly well-adapted for low maintain area because of its wear resistance, deep root system, anddrought tolerances. Deep and infrequent irrigation refers to applying large amounts of irrigation, 1.3 to 2.5 cm or more, in a singleirrigation event. Light and frequent irrigation is commonly used with small amounts of water, 0.3 to 0.6 cm, every day or everyother day. N use for turfgrass management is often unnoticed for water management. The objective of this field study was toevaluate the effects of irrigation frequency and N rates for tall fescue growth. The three irrigation treatments were no irrigation(precipitation only), 0.5 cm applied every other day, and 1.8 cm applied once a week at one irrigation event. The nitrogen (N)treatments were the low, medium, and high N rate treatments. The low, medium, and high N treatments were applied over 2, 4,and 6 applications, respectively. If high main maintenance of tall fescue is not important and water source is limited, irrigation isnot necessary and, the 9.8 g N m-2 yr-1 of two applications can be recommended for tall fescue under the weather condition of thestudy.
이상국,김영철 한국공업화학회 2016 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2016 No.1
40 mm 이상의 두꺼운 투명 아크릴판재는 양산이 쉽지 않기 때문에 일반적으로 생산가능한 두께의 아크릴 판재를 서로 적층하여 제조하며, 대형판재의 크기도 생산가능한 길이와 폭을 접착방법에 의해 이어 붙이고 있다. 이러한 판재의 접합에는 판재와 동질의 접착제를 이용하여 구조용 접착성능을 발현시키고 있으며, 접합구조 내에서의 기밀화로부터 기포의 형성이나 투과율의 저하를 방지하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 methylmethacrylate를 원료로 하여, 온도와 시간을 변화시켜 기포발생이 없고 투과율이 우수한 괴상중합물을 제조하였으며, 개시제로는 AIBN, LPO 그리고 ADVN을 사용하고, 필요시 분자량 조절제도 적용하여 최적화하였다. 이로부터 얻어진 중분자량 아크릴수지를, 접착성 소재로 이용하기 위하여, 용매 재침전, FT-IR 및 NMR, GPC 그리고 brookfield viscometer를 이용하여 중분자량 전환율, 분자구조, 분자량 및 분자량분포 그리고 점도를 검토하여 보았다. 그 결과 접착성 소재가 갖는 특성치인 74,000~1,021,400의 중량평균분자량과, 1.5~3,000,000 cps의 점도, 그리고 6.7~36.1 %의 전환율을 얻을 수 있었다.