최치원(崔致遠) 산문에 대한 재론

유수빈(Yu, Su-bin) 국문학회 2021 국문학연구 Vol.- No.44

본고의 목적은 최치원(崔致遠, 857~?)의 산문을 변려문(騈麗文) 일색으로 평가했던 기존의 시각에 의문을 제기하며, 그 산문의 문체와 성격을 전면적으로 재검토하는 데 있다. 재당 시기(在唐時期) 고병(高騈, 821~887)의 막하에서 지은 글 모음집인 󰡔계원필경집(桂苑筆耕集)󰡕을 근거로, 과거의 문인부터 현대의 연구자에 이르기까지 모두 최치원을 의심할 나위 없는 변려문 작가로 인식해왔다. 그러나 그가 신라로 귀국한 이후의 작품이 수록되어 있는 󰡔고운집(孤雲集)󰡕과 󰡔고운속집(孤雲續集)󰡕에는 종종 정격 변려문이 아닌 글들이 포착된다. 본고에서는 정격 변려문만을 보이던 재당(在唐) 시기와는 달리 신라 귀국 이후의 산문에서는 조금씩 정격에서 벗어난 문체가 나타난다는 사실 자체가 그 비중을 막론하고 매우 중요한 현상이라고 보고, 그의 산문에서 변려문적 요소와 고문적 요소를 처음으로 고구하고자 시도하였다. 우선 최치원의 산문에서 변려문적 요소와 고문적 요소를 구분하기 위해서는 변려문적 요소가 무엇인지 명확하게 파악할 필요가 있으므로, 󰡔계원필경집󰡕에 실린 글을 통해 평측(平仄)과 대장(對仗)을 엄격하게 지키면서 도 그와 관련된 고사(故事)를 적절하게 활용함으로써 자신의 의사를 구체화하는 기교를 살필 수 있었다. 이어서 󰡔고운집󰡕과 󰡔고운속집󰡕의 글을 통해 그의 귀국 후 산문을 고찰하였다. 이때 재당 시기 산문과 같은 문체인 주의류(奏議類)의 경우와 다른 문체인 잡기류(雜記類)ㆍ비지류(碑誌類)의 경우로 나누어 살펴보았다. 주의류의 경우, 형식적으로 재당 시기 산문과 차이가 나지 않지만, ‘제잠(鯷岑)’이나 ‘신학(蜃壑)’ 등 ‘신라’를 의미하는 용어를 최초로 고안하여 사용했다는 점에서 내용적으로 큰 차이를 보여주었다. 중국에 보내는 표문(表文)에서조차 신라에 대한 주체성이 드러난다는 사실은, 그의 동인의식(東人意識) 고찰에 있어 진일보한 논의를 할 수 있는 새로운 발편을 마련한 셈이다. 잡기류와 비지류의 경우, 변려문의 엄격한 형식에서 벗어나 새로운 문체를 보여주고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 인용의 출처가 되는 해당 원문을 가감 없이 그대로 인용함으로써 대장과 평측 규칙을 준수하지 못하였고, 대화나 서사 등 그 내용에 초점을 맞추기 위해 과감히 자수(字數)의 제한까지 포기하는 모습을 보여주었다. 이러한 변화의 배경으로는 거시적 차원에서 당시 중국 문단의 상황을, 미시적 차원에서는 중국 문인과의 직ㆍ간접적 교유를 제시할 수 있다. 요컨대, 적어도 당대(唐代)까지는 변려문과 고문의 관계가 그리 배타적이지 않았던 상황 속에서 중국 문인의 문체를 직ㆍ간접적으로 수용하여 새로운 문체의 글을 탄생시켰다고 하겠다. 본고는 최치원 산문의 문체와 성격을 재고찰하려는 노력의 소산이다. 본고를 발판으로 삼아 그의 산문의 형식과 내용에 관한 보다 세밀한 관찰과 분석이 진행된다면, 최치원의 위상과 한국 한문학의 역사를 새롭게 바라볼 수 있으리라 전망한다. The purpose of this paper is to raise questions about the existing perspectives that evaluated the prose of Choi Chi-won(崔致遠, 857~?) based on pianliwen(騈麗文) only and carry out a thorough review of the literary style and personality of his proses. Based on Gyewonpilgyeongjip(桂苑筆耕集), his prose collection written under the flag of Go Byeong(高騈, 821~887) during his stay in Tang China, all people from the literary men in the past to the contemporary researchers, have recognized Choi Chi-won as a writer of pianliwen. However, some proses different from rated pianliwen are captured in Gowoonjip(孤雲集) and Gowoonsokjip(孤雲續集) which were written after he returned to Shilla. On this paper, we tried to research the elements of pianliwen and the elements of ancient-style proses from his proses for the first time as he showed the slightly different literary style from the formal style since he returned to Shilla, unlike while he stayed in Tang China where he wrote only a formal pianliwen, and we thought it very important phenomenon regardless of the weight. First, it was needed to identify clearly what the elements of pianliwen are, in order to classify the elements of pianliwen and the elements of ancient-style proses from the proses of Choi Chi-won. Through his proses on Gyewonpilgyeongjip, we could find his techniques that used the related idioms of ancient events properly while keeping Pyeongcheuk(平仄) and Daejang(對仗) strictly in order to clarify his intentions. We continued to study his proses written after he returned to Shilla through Gowoonjip and Gowoonsokjip. At this time, we examined the proses by classifying into Jueui type(奏議類) which is same style of the prose written during his stay in Tang China and different style Japgi type(雜記類) and Biji type(碑誌類). First, for Jueui type, we found that there was not a difference formally from his prose during his stay in Tang China but he created and used the terminology such as ‘Jejam(鯷岑)’ or ‘Shinhak(蜃壑)’ which means ‘Shilla’ for the first time which showed a big difference in terms of the content. For Japgi type and Biji type, it was found that he showed new writing style away from the strict form of pianliwen. He could not obey the rule of Daejang and Pyeongcheuk as he quoted the original sentences as they are without adding or deleting from the sources of quotation, and even he did not follow the four-six letter rhyming couplets which is the basic form of pianliwen. This is explained that he focused on the contents rather than the form. As the background of this change, it is possible to present the situation of the Chinese literary world at the macro level and direct and indirect relationship with Chinese writers at the micro level. In short, it can be said that at least until the Tang Dynasty, the relationship between pianliwen(騈麗文) and ancient-style proses(古文) was not very exclusive, and the Chinese literary style was directly or indirectly accepted, creating a new style of writing. In brief, this paper is the result of our efforts to reconsider the writing style and personality of Choi Chi-won s proses. Based on this paper, if more detailed observation and analysis were carried out about the form and contents of his proses, we will be able to look at the stature of Choi Chi-won and the history of Chinese-language literature of Korea in a new light.

영유아 교육기관 교사의 영유아 구강건강관리 관련 지식도 및 실천도 분석

유수빈(Su-Bin Yu),윤정원(Jung-Won Yun),구혜현(Hye-Hyun Koo) 한국구강보건과학회 2024 한국구강보건과학회지 Vol.12 No.1

청주시 주·야간보호시설 기초 연구

조해진(Cho, Hae-Jin),유수빈(Yu, Su-Bin),변나향(Byun, Nahyang) 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.42 No.1

This study is primary research for environmental improvement and desirable planning of local all-day protection facilities. These facilities operate programs for the elderly and provide meals, shelter, and long-term care support. This study examines the distribution of all-day protection facilities in Cheongju and discusses the physical conditions and characteristics through case studies. Case selection is based on random samples at the district level, and the results derived from case comparison in this study correspond to a pilot survey for the entire region. The results present areas not physically covered by all-day protection facilities, the context of the buildings in which the facilities are located, and necessary plans.

부산시 일부 성인의 구강위생관리습관에 따른 치아우식 및 치주병 이환 경험에 관한 연구

차지아 ( Ji-a Cha ),유수빈 ( Su-bin Yu ),김혜진 ( Hye-jin Kim ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2016 한국치위생학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to find out dental caries and periodontal disease based on oral healthcare of adults in Busan. This study will provide the preventive oral healthcare for the periodontal diseases and dental caries. Methods: The study subjects were 369 people from the regular dental health checkup in the general hospital in Busan. After receiving informed consent, a self-reported questionnaire was completed from October 1, 2014 to January 31, 2015. The questionnaire consisted of dental caries and periodontal diseases by direct examination and tooth brushing method. Data were analyzed by 2 test, Fisher``s exact test, and Pearson``s correlation. Results: In the morbidity of dental caries and periodontal diseases, the dental caries was most common in those having restored teeth(236 subjects, 64%), while periodontal diseases were found in mild cases of gingival inflammation in 285 subjects(77.2%), and mild cases of dental calculus in 274 subjects(73.4%). Most of the respondents replied that they did not have systemic disease or oral health related symptoms. According to tooth brushing pattern, dental caries experiences were most common in those having less frequent tooth brushing less than 3 minutes and no tongue brushing. The outbreak of dental caries was more common in 5 times than 3 to 4 times a day. Conclusions: The education of the right tooth brushing method and use of dental floss is the most important prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease in the adults.

한국 성인의 씹기⋅말하기 불편감에 영향을 미치는 요인

정호진(Ho-Jin Jeong),유수빈(Su-Bin Yu) 한국구강보건과학회 2024 한국구강보건과학회지 Vol.12 No.1

발포비타민을 이용한 구강세정 및 섭취가 구강내 치주질환 유발 세균 감소에 미치는 효과 비교

박현경 ( Hyun-kyung Park ),이민경 ( Min-kyung Lee ),전은숙 ( Eun-suk Jeon ),유수빈 ( Su-bin Yu ),김혜진 ( Hye-jin Kim ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2019 한국치위생학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the subjects’ oral health status and changes in the oral environment after mouthwash with effervescent Vitamin C and its intake and to understand the impact on changes in the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity based on the oral health status and oral environmental condition. Methods: After obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board of D-University, 45 people (24 in an experimental group and 21 in a control group) who participated in the oral health program were selected, among visitors of the Clinical Dental Hygienics Laboratory of D. University in B. Results: Based on the subjects’ periodontal health status, the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity decreased in both experimental and control groups before and after the experiment. However, in the experimental group, it was significant when the Bleeding on Probing(BOP) level was below average, and Calculus index(CAL) was above average, in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and the red complex. It was also significant when CAL was above average in the orange complex in the control group. Regarding bacterial changes in periodontal diseases based on the subjects’ oral environmental condition, there was a significant change in the Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP : intraoral contaminants test) test in the oral cavity in A. actinomycetemcomitans and the red complex in the experimental group and in the O’Leary index in the control group. Further, there was a significant change in the orange complex in the ATP test in the experimental group. Conclusions: A comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that the oral health care program for dental hygiene decreased the number of bacteria causing periodontal diseases in the oral cavity in both experimental and control groups.

미취학 아동의 칫솔질 교육에 따른 치아우식원인균 감소와 구강위생상태 변화

송지나 ( Ji-na Song ),조명숙 ( Myung-sook Cho ),이민경 ( Min-kyung Lee ),유수빈 ( Su-bin Yu ),김선일 ( Sun Il Kim ),김혜진 ( Hye-jin Kim ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2018 한국치위생학회지 Vol.18 No.5

Objectives: This study was conducted to reveal the biological basis of dental plaque and preschool children’s dental health status through repetitive and continuous toothbrushing instruction to preschool children, using quantitative criteria, and to emphasize the importance of the role of an oral health manager for the prevention of dental caries. Methods: After IRB approval, toothbrushing instruction and oral microbial specimen collection were conducted with children of preschool age at the Daycare Center attached to D. University, Busan. Specimens from 27 children were characterized by analysis with real-time multi-chain enzymatic polymerization reaction technique at an agency specializing in genetic analysis. Results: In a survey of the children’s dental health behaviors, 48.1% responded that the toothbrushing time is 91 to 150 seconds; 66.7% responded that the frequency of toothbrushing is more than three times per day; 81.5% stated that they performed tongue brushing; and 81.5% brushed their teeth. Regarding levels of dental cariogenic bacteria, after children received continuous toothbrushing instruction, there were reductions in both Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Regarding toothbrushing time, the time increased in relation to the presence of instruction. Regarding Quigley Hein Index, the index decreased in the early and middle periods upon addition of instruction, then increased in the middle and later periods. Conclusions: Through persistent and repetitive toothbrushing instruction, healthy behavior can be positively established in children of preschool age; it is necessary to prepare institutional measures so opportunities for dental health education can be consistently provided and maintained. In the future, it will be necessary to conduct a follow-up study to verify the factors affecting toothbrushing time and volume of oral pathogens.