농촌지역 사회적기업의 성과 평가와 지원방안

오내원(Nae-Won Oh),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim),권인혜(In-Hey Kwon),오세익 한국농촌경제연구원 2010 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

최근 사회적기업에 대한 관심이 증대하는 가운데 기업으로서의 지속가능성에 우려가 제기되고 있다. 그러나 사회적기업의 지속가능성은 일반 기업과는 달리 평가되어야 한다. 사회적기업에 대한 경영 성과는 해당 기업들이 이룬 사회적 파급효과도 포함되어야 하기 때문이다. 설문조사 결과 농촌지역 사회적기업은 대체로 경영수지 균형을 이루고 있는 것으로 나타났다(90.3%가 흑자 또는 수지균형). 총수입액으로 본 농촌 사회적기업의 경영규모는 평균 4억 4,000만 원 정도로 작은 편이었다. 총 수입액 중 영업수익(매출액)의 비중으로 계산되는 재정자립도는 평균 70%대로 예상보다 높았고 외국과 비교해도 낮은 수준은 아닌 것으로 판단되었다. 그렇지만 30%를 차지하는 외부지원은 대부분 정부지원으로 충당되고 있으며 사회적 기부나 모기관의 지원 비중은 매우 낮았다. 정부지원에 대한 높은 의존도는 정책 변화에 따라 사회적기업의 지속가능성에 문제를 발생시킬 가능성이 큰 것으로 보인다. 농촌지역 사회적기업의 평균 고용규모는 22.5명이고 이 중 절반 정도가 취약계층인 것으로 나타나, 고용창출과 노동통합에도 상당히 기여하고 있다. 총수입 1억 원당 종사자 수가 5명으로 일반 기업에 비해 높은데, 이런 고용효과에도 불구하고 정부에서 지원하는 사회적일자리 창출사업의 지원기간이 1년마다 결정되는 등 사회적기업의 고용이 오히려 경영 불안정 요소로 작용하고 있기도 하다. 사회적기업의 경영 애로와 관련해서는 투자 확대의 어려움, 불리한 시장조건이 가장 큰 문제로 확인되었다. 대체로 사회적기업의 수익성이 취약해 자체 자금조달이 어렵고 외부적으로도 낮은 사업성 평가와 담보력 부족으로 금융기관에 대한 접근이 쉽지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또 농촌 사회적기업은 자본과 기술의 부족, 저효율 노동력, 구매력이 부족한 고객, 농촌의 열악한 산업인프라 등 시장에서 경쟁력을 갖기에 불리한 조건이 많은 것으로 파악되었다. 이러한 점을 고려할 때 농촌지역 사회적기업에 대한 경제적 지원 방향은 다음과 같이 제시할 수 있다. 먼저 정부의 독점적인 인증제도를 본원적인 사회적기업의 의미와 실천을 훼손하지 않도록 개선해야 한다. 아울러 농촌지역에서 발견되는 다양한 자발적 노력들을 사회적 목적활동으로 인정할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 사회적기업에 대한 지원도 획일적인 인건비 지원보다는 구체적인 활동내용과 경영상의 애로점에 대응하여 차별적으로 주어져야 한다. 특히 관계 부처들의 사업들과 연계하여 사회적기업에 대한 투자를 지원할 수 있어야 하며, 사회적 투자기금을 조성해 금융조달에 대한 숨통을 틀 수 있도록 지원해야 한다. 농촌지역 사회적기업의 취약한 시장경쟁력을 보완해 줄 수 있는 보호시장의 제공, 바우처사업 등에 대한 참여 실적 등을 평가하여 경제적 보상으로 되돌려 주는 방안도 적극 모색되어야 한다. 셋째, 농촌지역 현실과 특성에 적합한 사업모델을 개발하고 보급해야 한다. 특히 농업 생산?유통?가공 사업에의 진출이 중요한데 시장경쟁이 심해짐에 따라 위험도가 높다. 따라서 지역 내의 인적?물적 연계를 활용한 사업모델 구축이 핵심과제이다. 문화예술활동은 당장은 수익구조를 맞추기 어렵지만 삶의 질 향상과 지역경쟁력의 원천이란 점에서 보호된 시장을 전제로 다양한 사업모델을 구상할 수 있을 것이다. Recently, while our concern about the social enterprise has grown, the anxiety of its sustainability has raised. However, the sustainability must be evaluated differently from general enterprises, because its social effects should be included in the social enterprise"s performance. The result of survey shows that business performances of social enterprises located in rural areas are generally balanced in terms of profit and cost. Their business volumes in terms of revenue are quite small by 440 million won. Their financial independency rate reached about 70 percent. This figure is over our expectation and is not low compared to foreign enterprises. Thirty percent of supports come from government supports and the weight of donation and mother body support is very low. The high level of government support can cause problems in the sustainability according to the change of government policies. The average number of employee of social enterprises is 22.5 persons. About the half of them comes from the vulnerable class. This fact shows that social enterprises contribute to the generation of employment and labor integration. Even though five persons of employee per 100 million won of revenue is higher than general business, the government policy for employment generation may have an effect on the unstability of business. We confirmed that the lower level of investment and the disadvantage of market conditions are difficulty in social enterprise business of rural areas. They cannot mobilize investments because of low profits and cannot easily approach to the financial institutes due to the lower level of security and profitability. Also, they have many disadvantages such as the lacks of capital and technology, inefficient labor, customers with low purchasing power, and the weak industrial infrastructures. Under these unfavorable conditions, we suggest several alternatives to support social enterprises in rural areas. First, government monopolistic certification system need to be modified in order not to damage the intrinsic meaning and practice of the social enterprise. Various voluntary efforts happening in the rural areas are needed to be admitted as a social goal directed activities. Second, government support should be provided differently according to substantial activities and business difficulties, not uniformed labor cost. Included are investment support connected with government departments" programs, the generation of funds, affirmative action of supplementing markets and etc. Third, business model should be developed and provided appropriate to the realistic characteristics of rural areas. The entry into agricultural production, distribution and processing is very important. However, it is very risky due to competitiveness. The core task is to build business model in connection with regional persennel and materials. The cultural arts activities would be a good business model in term of the quality of life and strong regional competitiveness.

농촌지역 사회적기업의 사업모델

오내원(Nae-Won Oh),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim) 한국농촌경제연구원 2011 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

농촌지역 활성화와 일자리 창출을 위한 사회적기업 육성방안 연구(1/2차연도)

오내원(Nae-Won Oh),마상진(Sang-Jin Ma),김광선(Kwang-Sun Kim),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim),권인혜(In-Hey Kwon) 한국농촌경제연구원 2010 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

실시간 칼라영상에서 객체추출 및 추적

최내원,오해석,Choi, Nae-Won,Oh, Hae-Seok 한국정보처리학회 2003 정보처리학회논문지B Vol.10 No.1

본 논문은 고정영역에서 움직이는 객체를 검출하기 위한 방법으로 배경영상과 입력영상의 차를 이용하여 객체를 추출하고 추출된 객체의 이동을 추적하는 방법에 대해 제안하였다. 객체를 추출하는 방법으로 고정영역에 새로운 객체의 위치를 파악하기 위해 전체 영상의 픽셀을 연산에 참여시키는 것이 아니라 영상의 테두리에 설정된 영역의 픽셀들만을 연산에 참여시킨다. 따라서 중앙영역이 연산에서 제외되어 객체추출의 시간을 효과적으로 단축시킬 수 있었다. 또한 설정영역에서 객체를 추출하기 위하여 시작위치를 먼저 파악하고 시작위치로부터 객체의 가로와 세로의 크기를 추출함으로써 객체의 영역을 검출하였다. 이동된 객체의 추적에는 추출된 중심좌표를 이용하였다. In this paper, we propose the tracking method of moving object which use extracted object by difference between background image and target image in fixed domain. As a extraction method of object, calculate not pixel of full image but predefined some edge pixel of image to get a position of new object. Since the center area Is excluded from calculation, the extraction time is efficiently reduced. To extract object in the predefined area, get a starting point in advance and then extract size of width and height of object. Central coordinate is used to track moved object.

쌀 수입보험으로 변동직불제를 대체할 수 있을까?

정원호 ( Won Ho Chung ),오내원 ( Nae Won Oh ) 한국축산경영학회,농업정책학회(구 한국축산경영학회) 2015 농업경영정책연구 Vol.42 No.4

This study examines whether variable direct payment could be replaced by revenue insurance for rice through two different approaches, numerical analysis and historical data analysis. The result shows that variable direct payment has a decided advantage to rice farmers compared with revenue insurance except some extreme cases. Requirement of government spending is estimated to be much higher for operating revenue insurance than for maintaining variable direct payment for rice. Therefore, we suggests that rice revenue insurance could be considered as a complementary tool for current variable direct payment not a substitute.

농촌지역 활성화와 일자리 창출을 위한 사회적기업 육성방안 연구(2/2차연도)

이규천(Gyu-Cheon Lee),오내원(Nae-Won Oh),마상진(Sang-Jin Ma),김광선(Kwang-Sun Kim),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim) 한국농촌경제연구원 2011 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

This is the second year report of the two-year collaborative research entitled ‘A study on alternatives promoting social enterprises for re-vitalizing rural areas and creating jobs in rural areas. This study consists of four sub-research subjects.’ Government has implemented various policies for promoting vitalization of rural areas. However, rural areas have collapsed due to the decrease of population, economic status, and the deficit of fundamental social services. Big businesses, which got benefit from opening market, cling to the pursuit of their profit maximization and close eyes on social responsibility. Recently, several departments of government are implementing various community development policies. Interests about the social enterprise as a third alternative have been escalated for making structural retardation of rural areas, community vitalization, and the increase of people"s quality of life better. In particular, social enterprise promotion policy of the Ministry of Employment and Labor(MOEL) focused on job creation added “the type of community contribution” to it"s policy purposes. According to this addition, social enterprises will contribute to the development of rural communities. However, similar policies have been propelled by several Ministries such as the promotion of village corporation, community business, and farming and fishing community corporation resulted in the problems of efficiency, complexity, and moral hazard of latent policy beneficiaries. The purposes of this study are to depict the problems of the promotion policy of social enterprise, to find out policy amendment directions, and to suggest alternatives promoting social enterprises in rural areas. We tried to establish typology of social enterprises based on theoretical base and to find out proper support alternatives based on various rural social enterprises. We also tried to suggest a proper intermediary support organization for rural social enterprises. In addition, we tried to set up business models for rural social enterprises based on business items. We found out several problems which are needed to be amended in order to promote social enterprise in rural areas. Included are as follows: MOEL"s monopolistic certification system, inefficiency resulted from overlapping similar policies, ignorance of social economic conditions, the shortage of the diversity of supports, the ignorance of spacial distribution, the unsystematic intermediary support organizations, diffused implementation system, and the lower policy capacity of local governments. We suggested several alternatives to amend the policy system. Included are fostering project localization, applying different and various policy approaches to rural social enterprises, admitting general use of the name of ‘social enterprise’, preparing the second stage support system, differentiating supports from the business types and locations of social enterprises, depicting more social purposes, strengthening security and function of intermediary organizations and the establishment of their legal foundation, and establishing independent institution for social enterprise, and so on. We also develop some alternatives for developing social enterprises in rural areas. Included are as follows: national and regional networking and connecting regional resources, affirmative market for social enterprises, establishment of special investment funds for rural social enterprises, the expansion of partnership between general businesses and social enterprises, the establishment of advertising system, and the establishment of supporting system for education, consulting, and technology development. These alternatives are focused on the development of social enterprises in rural areas.

농업 고용 노동력 수급 실태와 대응 방안

김정섭(Kim Jeong-seop),오내원(Oh Nae-won),허주녕(Heo Joo-nyung) 한국농촌경제연구원 2014 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Background of Research Agricultural workforce problems relate to maintaining the production capacity in the middle and long term basis, but directly relate to supply and demand of workforce to cope with shortage in family members available for work. Not until recently, has research on present conditions on agricultural workforce been carried out and alternatives to mitigate problems with supply and demand of workforce have begun to be submitted; however, it is still in its early stage of establishing appropriate policies. Purpose of Research The purpose of this research is to analyze the current condition of supply and demand of workforce in the agricultural industry and to propose directions to define policies and tasks. Detailed research purpose is as follows. First, present condition on family and employed agricultural workforce is analyzed. Second, characteristics in demand of agricultural workforce are analyzed in the consideration of distinctive types of each entity such as business in crop area. Third, currently existing agricultural workforce employment mechanism is researched and analyzed. Fourth, the policies and system related to agricultural workforce market that have already been in practice and in plan are analyzed and tasks and direction in establishing those policies are proposed. Research Results and Implications Main methods of research are journal reviews, statistics analysis, survey analysis, and case study analysis. In the result of research, Part 2 reviews previous studies on agricultural workforce issues and trends in system and policies. Part 3 studies the issues raised and policies requested by farm owners regarding agricultural workforce employment; this is carried out by analyzing survey results from farm owners. Furthermore, "Agriculture, forestry & fishery industry census and agricultural economy" is used in order to analyze the current status and the change in constituent of family and employed workforce. Part 4 analyzes case studies where farm owners utilize their personal social network to secure employed workforce, employ professional workers usually present in major crop production area, employ foreign workers, utilize local workforce policy and recruitment agencies, and local autonomous governments intervene to resolve the issue in local level. Finally, Part 5 reviews recently discussed legislation maintenance and policy development relevant to supply and demand of agricultural workforce, and summarizes analysis results and discussion from previous chapters together to propose tasks and directions in future.

개인의 문화적 성향과 사회규범이 불법 다운로드 의도에 미치는 영향: 한국 대학생과 중국인 유학생 비교

오현숙 ( Hyun Sook Oh ),박남기 ( Nam Kee Park ),강내원 ( Nae Won Kang ) 한국지역언론학회 2013 언론과학연구 Vol.13 No.4

이 연구는 한국 대학생과 중국 유학생들의 문화적 성향의 차이, 사회 규범, 불법다운로드에 대한 위험 및 도덕적 책임에 대한 인식이 불법 다운로드 의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 살펴보았다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인의 문화적 성향에 따른 불법 다운로드 의도에는 한국과 중국 학생들 간에 유사성이 발견되었다. 즉 두 집단 모두에서 집단중심주의자, 상황주의자, 개인중심주의자 순으로불법 다운로드할 의도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 개인의 문화적 성향이 불법다운로드 의도에 미치는 영향을 보면, 한국과 중국 학생 집단 모두 개인중심주의자들보다는 집단중심주의자들이나 상황주의자들이 불법 다운로드할 의도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국 학생 집단에서는 명령적 규범의 유의미한 영향력은 발견되었지만 기술적 규범의 영향력은 발견되지 않았다. 중국 학생 집단은 반대의 경향을 보였는데, 명령적 규범의 영향력은 발견되지 않은 반면 기술적 규범의 영향력은 발견되었다. 넷째, 인지된 위험이 불법 다운로드 의도에 미치는 영향은 한국 학생 집단에서는 발견되지 않았지만, 중국 학생 집단에서는 발견되었다. 다섯째, 도덕적 책임의식이 불법 다운로드 의도에 미치는 영향은 한국 및 중국 학생 집단 모두에서 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. This study investigated how social norms, perceived risk, and moral obligation of Korean and Chinese college students affect their intention to illegally download content from the Internet, with a focus of individuals`` cultural orientation. The findings are as follows. First, there was a similarity between Korean and Chinese students in terms of their intention to illegally download content from the Internet, when cultural orientations of the two student groups were similar. Second, when the effect of cultural orientation on the illegal downloading intention was examined, it was found that collectivists and situationists had a higher level of intention to illegally download than individualists both among Korean and among Chinese students. Third, with respect to the effect of social norms on the illegal downloading intention, injunctive norm had a significant impact on the intention, among Korean students, whereas descriptive norm did not. In contrast, descriptive norm had a significant impact on the intention, whereas injunctive norm did not, among Chinese students. Fourth, a significant effect of perceived risk on the intention was found among Chinese students, but not among Korean students. Finally, the effect of moral obligation had a significant impact on the intention both among Korean and among Chinese students.

농촌지역 활성화를 위한 귀농 · 귀촌 추진방안

박문호(Moon-Ho Park),오내원(Nae-Won Oh),임지은(Ji-Eun Lim) 한국농촌경제연구원 2012 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

Background of Research There are concerns about the sustainability of rural areas because of aging and decrease of rural population. The phenomenon of city people"s moving to rural areas can be an alternative way of maintaining rural society. As many people are returning to rural areas from urban areas, the need for customized measures to meet various needs of citizens undergoing various difficulties when they are moving to and settling in rural areas is also increasing. In addition to the government"s policy plans, improvement of the support system that can induce the returning people to make self-help efforts through their organization is needed as well. Method of Research This study aims to suggest directions for returning to rural community from the perspective of vitalizing rural areas. Based on the results of previous studies and implications from a case study, this study presented the significance of returning to rural community for vitalizing rural areas. There are several issues regarding the return to rural community, such as information supply system, education or training programs, securing income, searching for work in rural areas, and other supporting system or organizations. We proposed policy directions for returning to the farm by each stage of the return. Research Results and Implications First, establishment of a policy system is needed. We should improve the central and local governments" system of supporting organizations in the private sector. Standards and qualifications of people who return to the farm are also necessary. In the preparation stage, education for raising awareness about living in a rural area and one-stop information supply system are required. In the settlement stage, customized education programs and consulting in support of farming and living should be strengthened. Finding private-led public service projects and job creation through village corporations of "sixth industry" are also important for stable settlement. Lastly, cooperation with local residents is essential.

농촌지역 공유자원의 운영실태와 개선방안 연구

김경덕(Kyung-Duk Kim),오내원(Nae-Won Oh),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim) 한국농촌경제연구원 2013 한국농촌경제연구원 기본연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

In the traditional rural society, common pool resources (CPRs) have played an important role on economic activities and living conditions of rural residents and sustainable development of regional society. But political philosophers and economists have understood that if citizens respond only to private incentives, public goods would be under-provided and public resources over-utilized. It was called the tragedy of the commons. To escape from the tragedy of the commons, and enhance the efficient utilization of CPRs, inquiries of the traditional cooperative system and investigations of its institutional and mechanism design are important. Its research also improves understandings of the governance relationship between residents, local governments and the central government. Major findings and policy recommendations could be summarized as follows; the common utilization of the CPRs has played an important role on economies of scale of production and risk sharing between residents. Obstacles of effective utilization of the CPRs, however, might be (1) less investment on the CPRs owing to aging of residents and lack of funds, (2) evaporativity of the CPRs by switching to other purposes, and (3) the need for reorganization of traditional institutions and mechanism of the CPRs because of heterogeneity of members utilizing the CPRs. Policy recommendations in the short run could be (1) subsidies for investment and regulations to reduce over utilization of the CPRs, (2) imposing environment evaluations in switching of CPRs to other purpose, (3) design on the optimal rent rate of public owned resources, and (4) differentiating policy measures for mutual assistance clubs of agricultural water utilities depending on the performance and pattern. The long term policy recommendation could be focused on (1) enhancing the long term investment with extending rent period, (2) organizing local cooperative governance systems and (3) enhancing self reliance and cooperation by differentiated subsidies measures. In theoretical methodology, we investigated conditions of the evolutionary stability and the repeated-reciprocality. Especially, in the coordinate game, we examined conditions and environments to induce Pareto superior solutions.