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빈두 말라 타쿠리,강민석,장용휘,천정화,김준 한국농림기상학회 2016 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.18 No.4
Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux’s long-term (2007–2015) eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum (1.8 - 3.3 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1) in August and a maximum (5.1 - 11.4 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average 3.5±0.3 g C (kg H2O)-1. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of 7.4±1.0 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.
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복잡지형의 온대산림에서 에디 공분산으로 관측된 CO<sub>2</sub> 플럭스의 야간 자료 보정에 관하여
강민석,김준,김현석,빈두 말라 타쿠리,천정화,Kang, Minseok,Kim, Joon,Kim, Hyun-Seok,Thakuri, Bindu Malla,Chun, Jung-Hwa 한국농림기상학회 2014 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.16 No.3
복잡지형에서의 에디 공분산 방법을 이용한 플럭스 관측에 있어서 가장 중요하면서도 어려운 문제 중에 하나가 야간 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 플럭스 자료 보정이다. 본 연구에서는 복잡산림지형에 위치한 두 KoFlux 관측지(광릉의 활엽수림과 침엽수림 관측지, GDK와 GCK)의 2009년도 플럭스 타워 자료에 대표적인 야간 자료 보정 방법인 마찰속도 보정 방법, 광 반응 곡선 보정 방법, 이류를 고려한 반 고셀 보정 방법을 적용한 결과를 평가하였다. 계산된 $CO_2$ 플럭스(생태계호흡, 총일차생산, 순생태계교환)는 방법에 따라 그 크기와 계절변동에 차이를 보였는데, 그 차이는 관측지 별로 다르게 나타났다. 각 방법에서 나온 결과들을 선행연구에서 보고된 결과들과의 비교와 함께, 기상학적인 접근뿐만 아니라 생태학적인 접근을 통해 검증하였다. 검증 결과, 이러한 차이의 원인은 야간 자료 보정 과정에서 선별된 자료의 일부가 이미 배수류에 의한 $CO_2$ 이류의 영향을 받았기 때문인 것으로 추측된다. GDK의 광 반응 곡선 방법의 결과를 제외한 나머지 $CO_2$ 플럭스 결과들은 아시아의 다양한 생태계에서 보고된 값들의 범위에 포함되었다. 본 연구는 현재 배포된 플럭스 자료들은 개선의 여지가 있으며, 최신 자료의 올바른 사용을 위한 자료 사용자와 자료 생산자 간의 소통의 중요성을 상기시켜 준다. Nighttime correction of $CO_2$ flux is one of the most important and challenging tasks in eddy covariance measurements over a complex mountainous terrain. In this study, we have scrutinized the quality and the credibility of the $CO_2$ flux datasets which were produced by employing three different methods of nighttime correction, i.e., (1) friction velocity ($u^*$) correction, (2) light response curve (LRC) correction, and (3) advection-based van Gorsel (VG) correction. The whole year datasets used in our analysis were collected at the two KoFlux tower sites (i.e., GDK deciduous forest site at the upper hill and GCK coniferous forest site at the lower hill) located in the valley of Gwangneung National Arboretum in central Korea. The resultant magnitudes and patterns of ecosystem respiration ($R_E$), gross primary productivity (GPP), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of $CO_2$ showed marked differences among the datasets produced with three different correction methods, which were also site-specific. The examination from micrometeorological and ecological perspectives suggests that the major cause of some inconsistency seems to be associated with the advection of $CO_2$ along the sloping terrain and the inappropriate selection of the correction data that might have been already affected by advective flows. The comparison with the results from other studies indicated that the overall characteristics of the corrected $CO_2$ fluxes at GDK and GCK (except those with LRC correction) were well within the ranges reported in the literature for various ecosystems in East Asia in similar latitudes. However, our study also implies that there will be always a room for further improvement in the present datasets. Therefore, caution must be exercised for the data users in order to properly use the updated version of datasets through transparent, open and participatory communication with data producers.
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