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      • 토양생태계의 지속성 관리를 위한 토양환경보전정책 방향

        박용하,최현아 한국환경연구원 2012 수시연구보고서 Vol.2012 No.-

        Attempts were made to suggest policy guidelines for soil ecosystem conservation policy in Korea by analyzing soil biodiversity structure and ecosystem services, factors influencing soil biodiversity, and policies in EU and Conservation on Biological Diversity. Despite the fact that soil biodiversity accounts a fourth of total biodiversity on earth, less than 1% of soil microorganism species are known. Soil ecosystem conservation policies have not been initiated in Korea yet. Recently, however, awareness of threats impacting on soil biodiversity has been increasing. Especially, climate change is likely to have significant impacts on soil ecosystem services. The major problems in Korea were identified based on analysis of soil ecosystem conservation policies of UK and EU, and cross-cutting issues of Conservation on Biological Diversity. It turned out that lack of science-based knowledge and information, and lack of awareness among decision-makers, farmers, conservationists, and the general public are the main barriers against systematic implementation of the soil biodiversity conservation policies. Research to accumulate science-based information and database is necessary to analyze the current status of soil biodiversity, and verify threats against it. Establishment of soil biodiversity conservation strategy which mainstreams the soil ecosystem services is needed as well. Policy cooperation of the relevant government ministries dealing climate change, soil compaction, sealing, and etc should follow.

      • 기후변화와 생태계 변화에 기반한 침입외래종의 관리 전략

        박용하,김재욱 한국환경연구원 2015 수시연구보고서 Vol.2015 No.-

        Invasive species and climate change are two of the most significant issues. Climate change is accelerating the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of potentially invasive species as they are moved both unintentionally and for deliberate purposes. This project had an aim to suggest ecosystem-based management strategies of invasive species influenced by climate change. By undertaking a thorough review of existing literature and other sources of information, we compared and analyzed ecosystem-based management strategies, species-specific approach, local approach, adaptive management cycle, precautionary principle, ecosystem sustainablity, and the current extents of policies and trends of invasive species in the United States, Great Britain, Australia, and the Convention on Biological Diversity. An approach for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Europe was also reviewed as a practical case study which applied ecosystem-based management strategies for invasive species. Based on spreading mechanisms, understandings of the current extent, knowledge gaps and utilize modern modelling methods to predict, assessment of measures to control introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species, and the dissemination of accurate and up-to-date scientifically-based evidence to stakeholders, we suggested implementing measures for ecosystem-based management strategies of invasive species in Korea: i) development of measures and methodologies which predict introduction, establishment and spread of invasive species now and in future climates. The measures includes an improvement in quarantine; ii) local approach based on introduction, establishment, and spread of invasive species; iii) establishment of early detection and rapid response system, iv) securing climate-ecosystem resilience to vulnerability; v) building public awareness and education, vi) research and information exchange system; vii) complementing legal and legislation. To show feasibility for ecosystem-based management strategies of invasive species in Korea, we reviewed existing literature and other sources of information, and ranked the spreading mechanisms of Pine wilt Disease vector (Monochamus alternatus), melon thrips (Thrips palmi), and Conzya (Conyza bonariensis) since they came in Korea peninsula. Also we evaluated and predicted the spreading of M. alternatus, T. palmi, and C. bonariensis now and in future climates by use of CLIMEX model and suggested ecosystem-based management local strategies for the invasive species.

      • 휴폐금속광산지역의 토양오염관리방안

        박용하,서경원 한국환경연구원 2005 수시연구보고서 Vol.2005 No.-

        Attempts were made to analyze the national policy of soil contamination prevention and management of inactive or abandoned metal (IAM) mines in Korea. This approach focused on legal systems and legislation, remediation technology development, and the arrangement or distribution of budgets pertaining to national policy since the mid 1990's. In 2005, the Prevention of Mining Damage and Recovery Act was enacted. This act defines the roles, responsibility and budget of the government when recovering mine damages. However, there still remains to improve the national policy of soil contamination prevention and management of IAM mines. Analysis of national and industrialized foreign countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands suggest the following improvements: i) arranging distinct regulations between strict and non-strict liability criteria for potentially responsible parties; limiting innocent and non-strict liability depending on the period of incurred mining activity, ii) enhancing participation of local communities by enforcing law and legislation, iii) establishing a national DATABASE system of (potentially) IAM contaminated sites based on the Website-Graphic Information System, iv) carrying out site-specific risk assessments and remediation of IAM contaminated sites, v) preparation and distribution of clean-up fund at mine sites adequately, and vi) technology development for the cleaning of IAM contaminated sites; awarding positive incentives of a legal nature for participants applying newly developed technology in IAM mines.

      • 연료첨가제 MTBE의 위해성 및 관리필요성에 관한 연구

        박용하,조종수,김미정,공성호,박정규,정충섭 한국환경연구원 2002 수시연구보고서 Vol.2002 No.-

        This study aims to investigate whether it is necessary to regulate MTBE in Korea. MTBE, a gasoline additive, has been a controversial compound worldwide due to contamination of soil and groundwater. In this study, the following materials and information were used: i) available information on MTBE, ii) four articles presented at a seminar held as part of this study (i.e., A study on MTBE risk, MTBE contamination in the soil and groundwater in Korea, Current state and prospect of MTBE use as an additive in gasoline, and Regulations on oxygenates such as MTBE in the U.S. and European countries), and iii) the opinions of the seminar attendants. The use of MTBE has become a worldwide issue due to its potential risk, unpleasant odor and ability to negatively affect the taste of water even at extremely low concentrations, high mobility in soil and groundwater, and low biodegradability. Although the risk of MTBE to human health has not yet been confirmed, some health risk analyses conducted for animals have shown evidence of carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disrupting activity of MTBE. Since MTBE dissolves easily in water and does not cling to soil well, it migrates faster and farther in the subsurface than other gasoline components. Remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with MTBE is a challenge due to its very low biodegradability. Countries have adopted different actions to manage MTBE. In the U.S., where more than 50% of drinking water is supplied from groundwater, MTBE will be banned in 14 states including California and New York. The US EPA placed MTBE on the Contaminant Candidate List in 1999; since then they have continued to investigate the potential health risks and occurrence of MTBE in the U.S.. Based on the results obtained during this investigation, the US EPA is supposed to set federal health standards for MTBE around 2010. On the other hand, MTBE has not been regulated in Europe or Japan, although its use has also been a controversial issue in these countries. In Korea, MTBE has been in continuous demand since the use of unleaded gasoline became mandatory. MTBE is added to gasoline by 6.6-11.6 vol% as of 2001 and is believed to contribute to the abatement of air pollution. However, there has been evidence of MTBE contamination in Korean soil and groundwater. Very high concentrations of MTBE have been observed in the soil and groundwater at five gasoline-contaminated sites in Korea, probably due to the corrosion of underground storage tanks (USTs) and pipelines. The MTBE concentrations of the groundwater were 100 to 1000 times higher than the U. S. drinking water standard. Discussing a ban on MTBE use in Korea seems to be premature at this point, considering the following: i) the incomplete data on the risk of MTBE to human health, ii) various perspectives on MTBE management in different countries, iii) the limited data on MTBE contamination of the soil and groundwater in Korea, and iv) the opinions suggested by experts and the seminar attendants. A risk of MTBE has not been clearly defined, and the effect of the MTBE addition to gasoline on the air quality has not been elucidated, either. Furthermore, the nature, extent, and environmental impacts of MTBE contamination in the soil and groundwater in Korea have not been delineated. Therefore, it would be appropriate at this point to make an effort to reduce the release and potential risk of MTBE to the environment, rather than to ban MTBE use. At present, placing MTBE on the contaminants list under the soil environment protection law and safe drinking water law of Korea is recommended. Future considerations on MTBE are described below. First, investigations on the nature and extent of the soil and groundwater contamination by MTBE should be performed. Second, USTs need to be properly operated and maintained, to reduce the potential risks of MTBE to human health and the environment. Third, sites contaminated with MTBE need to be cleaned up in order to protect soil and groundwater resources. Fourth, efforts should be made to develop alternatives to MTBE or gasoline.

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