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사회적 스트레스, 범죄 및 사고발생간의 인과적 모형에 관한 연구
박경구,임영규 계명대학교 사회과학연구소 2000 한국사회과학연구 Vol.19 No.2
This thesis aimed at identifying how social structure produces social stress, and how social stress leads to crime and accidents. More specifically, this study tested the hypothesis that the incidence of crime and accidents was influenced by the index of social structure and the degree of social stress. The data were collected from government statistical databases dated of December 31, 1995. The methods of LISREL were applied to analyze the data. The results were as follows: The index of social structure influenced over the incidence of crime and accidents directly and indirectly by way of provoking social stress. The estimated parameter of the effects of the social structure on crime is negative, but its indirect effects were estimated positive. The total effects were positive, implying that the social structure led the incidence of crime. The similar pattern of parameter estimation was found in the case of accidents. But the negative direct effects were larger than the positive indirect effects. It means that the social structure tended to reduced the incidence of accidents. To explain this result is not easy, but one possible alternative is that the large cities have better facilities for safety. The social stress itself exerted its impact on the incidence of crime and accidents. As the city experienced more stress, crime and accidents took place more frequently. Asl a conclusion, it could be said that the social structure induced the social stress, resulting crime and accidents.
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Economic Base 理論에 依한 韓國都市의 機能分類
朴慶九 대구보건대학 1973 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.1 No.1
The purpose of this study is to introduce the theory of economic base and methods of its measurment, and to apply them to analyze the functions of Korean cities. Ⅰ. Economic base theory 1) This theory is to inquire into the economic interdependence between city and other regions, considering economic dichotomy of city. To be more particular, economic activities of cities are divied into nonbasic activity based upon demand of city dwellers and basic activity. To export goods and service from a city to other regions is basic activity of the city. Spacial relationship among city and neighboring community can be studied by the measuring of basic activity. This theory has contributed to the study of land economics, urban geography and urban functional classification, because it is useful framework inquiring into the spacial relationship. 2) Traditional methods of functional classification ignores the spacial relationship between city and other regions, and they are only concerned with types of service classification by industrial structure. 3) Some scholars criticize the economic base theory on the following points. First, they disagree with the view that basic activity is the fundamental factors in community development, and nonbasic activity is depent on the basic activity. Second, they reject the theory in that ratio of basic activity to nonbasic is flexible in proportion on the area circumsribed. Third, they are against the ambiguity of criteria in classification basic and nonbasic and nonbasic activity. 4) There are various ways to measure the basic activity. We can, however, summerize these methods as follows: (1) Macrocosmic method (2) Sales-employment conversion method (3) Import method (4) Minimum requirement method In this study, I used the minimum requirement method originated from Ullman and Dacey. 2. Functional classification of cities in Korea. 1) Data used in this study were ratios of the respective industrial employment forces described in the Korean Municipal Yearbook(1966). I confined my study to 30 cities. 2) First of all cities were divided into four group; cities between 50,000 and 100,000 population, cities between 100,000 and 200,000 population, cities between 200,000 and 1,000,000 population and that have more than 1,000,000 population. Percentage of population employed in each industry was calculated and then minimum value f ratio of each industry was counted in each of these four groups. Applying equation of regression curve y=b+a log x, parameter a and b were counted using population size of cities and m.r ratio. Substituting the number of population in a given city for X, we get y. Y equals the ration of nonbasic activity. From this, ratios of basic activity were counted out. 3) By this process mentioned above, I was able to ascertain the characteristics of Korean cities. Basic activities of Korean cities are complex one, and they are more characterized by the primary industry than secondary industry. 4) I classified the pattern of the industrial functions of cities as follows. Counting standard deviation, basic functions were divided into standard function (A) and peculiar function (B), a city that peculiar function confined to one urban characteristic industry was named single function was named complex type city (C). When the peculiar functions of one city are those related with agriculture, forestry and fishery, this is rural type city (R). A city that manifests no peculiar function is non-peculiar city (N). 5) By these criteria Korean cities were classified with four types. 9 cities of 30 cities studied here belongs to single functional types. All of 9 cities show personal and public service industry. 7 cities are complex functional types. Manufacturing industry can be said to be typical one in these cities. In a rural type city, the people still have characteristics of rural type. And this type of cities have area and sparsely populated district. In the cities of non-peculiar functional type, ratios of basic activities among various industry are harmonized one.
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朴昊基,朴文洙,金泰洙,金先,崔京求,朴基勛 韓國作物學會 1997 Korean journal of crop science Vol.42 No.6
가시오가피 종자는 채종직후 미분화 상태의 배로 발아를 위해서는 후숙이 필요하다. 가시오가피 종자의 후숙을 위하여 습윤층적처리한 후 미분화 배의 생장과 개갑특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 가시오가피의 내과피를 포함한 종자의 형태는 길이 7.1± 0.9mm, 폭 3.0± 0.3mm, 두께 1.47± 0.12mm 정도이었으며 1,000 입중 18.5± 1.9g 정도이었다. 2. 가시오가피 종자의 후숙전 0.30± 0.06mm 정도이며 배장율은 .4.8%의 미분화 배로 층적처리 20일 전후에 배의 생장이 시작되었고 40일 전후에 배축과 자엽이 분화되었다. 3. 후숙기간과 배장율과는 높은 정의 상관(r=0.845)을 보였으며 배의 생장은 층적처리 후 60~80일 사이에 급격히 증가하였고 후숙 80일 이후에는 증가폭이 다소 둔화되었다. 4. 가시오가피 종자는 배가 어느 정도 생장하면 종피의 봉선이 터져 열개되는 개갑종자이었으며 배장율 60~70%에서 가장 높은 개갑빈도를 나타냈다. 5. 개갑율은 후숙 40일에 15.3%가 개갑되었고 60일 이후 개갑율이 급격히 증가되었으며 후숙 150일에 76.5%가 개갑되었다. It has been reported that E. senticosus is effective for strengthening the liver, reduction of blood sugar levels, antistress and rainforcement of stamina. However, most of the extraction from this medicinal plant is imported from foreign countries. Therefore, farmers have tried to grow it in this country even though it is difficult to propagate by seeding method. This study was carried out to improve seeding propagation using seeds in National Honam Agricultural Experinment Station from '92 to '93. The seeds of E. senticosus were immature embryo at the time of gathering seeds in autumn, and needed wet stratification treatment for after-ripening. Embryo elongated slowly for a few days after stratification treatment, and cotyledon started to develop from 40 days after treatment. There were significantly positive correlation between after-ripening period and the ratio of embryo length. Dehiscence was the highest in the ratio of embryo length of 60∼70%, and percentage of dehiscent seed after treatment for 150 days was 76.5%.
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