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미국(美國)의 전시동원체제(戰時動員體制)에 관한 고찰(考察)
민병천 ( Byong Chun Minn ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 1977 국방연구 Vol.20 No.1
Ⅰ. Purpose and Scope The types of government system can be classified into the Presidential Government and the Parliamentary Government. Korea and the United States of America belong to the former. The type of the government has an important effect upon an operation method of the state not only in peace-time but also war-time. Under the Parliamentary Government the War Cabinet system manages the war. But the Presidential Government is not able to depend on the system of the War Cabinet. Accordingly, in planning a mobilization organization of Korea, it could be a good reference to review that what kind of organization was operated in the war time by the United States, a nation of the typical presidential government. Purpose of this paper is an attempt to provide a basic work for the study of war agency in Korea. Scope of this paper with the purpose mentioned above is: (1) it will mainly deal with the World War Ⅱ which the United States carried out a, total war, plus the World War Ⅰ; (2) it will include the military traditions of the United States and its circumstances that influenced the planning of mobilization agency in the state. Ⅱ. Military thoughts and historical circumstances Two factors that impact on mobilization system in the United States are tradition of military thoughts and its history characterized by the crisis without danger. Tradition of the military thoughts in the United States is founded on the thought of war mobilization based on militia. The thought, in other words, is that military forces are supplied by the mobilization during war-time, while small standing army is kept in peace-time. Development of the thought of war mobilization was based on the following three factors: (1) Due to the history of the United States, which had achieved his independence by militia`s fighting against the regular army of Britain, the mobilization thought that emphasizes militia system could be rooted in this country, (2) in order to maintain relevant labor forces for the economic demand, it was convenient for them to keep small standing army in peace-time and mobilize those forces to the military forces during war-time, (3) Due to the location that is isolated from the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean, they have never been endangered by any serious attack. Historically, the United States had several crises such as the Civil War, World War Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and the Great Economic Panic. However, the World War Ⅱ is only case that the country was seriously challenged from outside of the state. This country was not directly attacked by her enemy even that time. Because the country has not experienced the crisis of existence, it was natural for it to employ the policy emphasized on the mobilization system. Ⅲ. Mobilization system in the World War Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The United States modified the regular organizations to the organizations relevant to the war-time system in intervening in the World War Ⅰ. The birth of control organizations over every economic field is an example. Due to the activities of the organizations, under free capitalism and free democracy the way of economics and politics should be changed temporary. Because the control was made in the way of self-control by the participation of business men, the infringement of right of freedom by the pressure seemed to be reduced in the form. In fact, however, it resulted the same. Mass media was controlled by the Committee of Public Information and people`s general living also controlled by the Espionage Act(1917). During the World War Ⅱ more mobilization organizations were made and systems were kept in order to respond to the total war. The followings are the characteristics of mobilization system in both world wars analyzed by organization. (1) Council of National Defense was operated as an agency that makes decision on mobilization in the highest level. (2) Mobilization of materials centered on resources and production was regarded as great importance in both of the