산지계류에 설치된 계상구조물이 어류의 이동에 미치는 영향: 버들치를 중심으로

마호섭,박재현,Ma, Ho-Seop,Park, Jae-Hyeon 한국산림과학회 2019 한국산림과학회지 Vol.108 No.2

The movement of fish to the upper and the lower parts of a mountain stream was investigated based on the installation of specific types of structures within the stream. The results indicated that as the flow rate increases after a rain, the height of the drop in an open-type structure, such as a concrete box, is decreased so that the floating fishes, such as the Chinese minnow fish, move relatively easily from the upper to the lower parts and from the lower to the upper parts of the stream. In contrast, the fishes released from an upper point of a wall-type structure with <1 m, such as rocks drop works and stone masonry for stream-grade stabilization, were trapped in the lower part of the stream and, even after the rainy season, it was difficult for the fish to move from the lower to the upper parts of the stream. In particular, the barrier-type structures ${\geq}3m$ limit the movement of fish, even when there are few drainage holes at the lower end of the dam, and there is no space for the fishes to communicate with each other, even when the flow rate is high; therefore, although the fish are active, they are restricted to move according to the type and characteristics of the structures. When installing structures in a mountain stream, the height of the structure must be low enough to allow the fish to communicate with each other or an open-type structure must be installed. The fish habitat and water conditions within the stream must be considered when designing the type and height of the in-stream structures. 산지계류에서 다양한 계상공작물의 설치에 따른 어류의 상부 및 하부로의 이동상태를 조사하여 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 콘크리트 박스공과 같은 개방형 구조물의 경우 강우의 영향으로 유량이 늘어나는 시기에는 낙차의 높이가 줄어드는 효과가 발생하여 버들치와 같은 유영성 어류들은 상부에서 하류로의 이동과 하부에서 상부로 소상하는데 비교적 양호하였다. 또한, 1 m 미만의 돌낙차공, 돌바닥막이 등 횡단 계상구조물은 상부에서 방사한 버들치의 개체가 하부에서 재 포획되어 구조물 상부에서 하부로의 이동은 가능하였으나, 유량이 많은 장마 직후에도 하부에서 상부로의 소상은 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 3 m 이상의 사방댐 등 횡단 사방공작물도 댐의 하단부에 물빼기 구멍의 수가 적거나 어류를 위한 소통 공간이 없는 경우는 유량이 많아도 버들치의 이동에 제한을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 버들치는 활발하게 행동은 하지만 계상구조물의 유형 및 구조적인 특성에 따라 이동에 제한을 받고 있다. 산지 계류에서 구조물을 설치할 때에는 구조물의 종류, 높이 및 어류서식 상태와 평소 계류에 물이 있는 지를 고려하여 어류가 소통할 수 있도록 가능한 높이를 낮추거나 개방형의 구조물을 적절하게 설치할 필요성이 있다.

항설에 (降雪) 의한 소나무 임분의 (林分) 피해에 관한 연구

마호섭,강위평,김재생 ( Ho Seop Ma,Wee Pyeong Kang,Jai Saing Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.73 No.1

In general, the snow injury in forestry is an unusual disaster. The degree of snow injury varies greatly depending on stand density and the local topogaphy. This study was conducted to investigate the snow injury in analyzing the demaged by snow-fall in Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo. The results obtained were summarized as follow; Among 466 total damaged trees, 425 trees were broken and 41 trees were uprooted, the ratio of damage were 5.22%, 2.49%, 0.92% and 0.2% for Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta respectively. The 95% of the damage trees were in the range of 3 to 11 m for height and in the range of 3 to 20 ㎝ for D. B. H.. The directions of the damage trees had a large influence by direction of the wind, but they shown at high tendency to aspect of the slope relatively. The 82% of the damaged trees ranged from 11 to 24 age. The ratio of broken height (H_B/H) indicated that the damage was most frequent in the part of stem as 24%, 45%, 31% in the part of the root collar (0.1), stem (0.2-0.4), crown (0.5-1.0) respectively. In general, trees with stem-form coefficient (H_B/D) over 0.7-0.8 are apt to suffer by snow damage. The average of stem-form coefficient of trees in this area was 1.06. Therefore, the ratio of damage was high tendency as 3.14%. These results indicate that it is necessary to apply pertinent tending which will increase in resistance of snow damage. As avalanches from the flank of soil erosion rise in an importance matter in present, it should also be considered to measures for prevention and restoration.

암반비탈면에 있어서 천공기법에 의한 녹화공법의 개발 -참싸리를 중심으로-

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),강원석 ( Won Seok Kang ),박진원 ( Jin Won Park ) 한국산림과학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.4

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of early revegetation by analyzing the characteristics of germination and growth of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya using boring technique in rock slopes. After making up a growing basis of approximately 20 cm depth and 10 cm diameter by using a boring machine, the surface of rock slopes was planted with vegetation-plant. The number of germinating populations by soil media was 23 in H.s, 22 in T.s, 12 in M.s, and 1 in M.g.s. The germination rate (%) by soil media was 19.2% in H.s, 18.3% in T.s, 10.0% in M.s and 0.8% in M.g.s. In monthly changes of growth rate, the aspect was northwest direction, the soil media was M.s, and the treatment was microorganism plot. The main factors affecting survivorship and growth of population were soil media and treatment plot. The interaction between each factor had a good effects in bearing × soil media, bearing × treatment plot, soil media × treatment plot. but, it is recommended that the mulching of vegetation plant is highly needed to help the germination of seed and growth of vegetation because of loss of seed and soil media occurred due to rainfall. Therefore, The result suggests that the revegetation technique using boring in rock slope was very efficient in respect of the early revegetation and the landscape.

식생플랜트를 이용한 암반비탈면의 조기녹화 효과분석

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),강원석 ( Won Seok Kang ),박진원 ( Jin Won Park ) 한국환경보건기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2010 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.13 No.5

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of early revegetation by analyzing the characteristics of germination and growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii using vegetation-plant in rock slopes. After making up a growing basis of approximately 20-cm depth and 10-cm diameter by using a boring machine, the surface of rock slopes was planted with vegetation-plant. The number of germinating populations by soil media was 41 in H.s, 4 in T.s, 3 in M.s, and 0 in M.g.s. The germination rate (%) by soil media was 20.0% in H.s, 3.3% in T.s, 2.5% in M.s and 0% in M.g.s. In monthly changes of growth rate, the aspect was northwest direction, the soil media was H.s, and the treatment was microorganism plot. The main factors affecting survivorship and growth of population were soil media and treatment plot. The interaction between each factor had a good effects in bearing x treatment plot, soil media x treatment plot. but, it is recommended that the mulching of vegetation plant is highly needed to help the germination of seed and growth of vegetation because of loss of seed and soil media occurred due to rainfall. Therefore, The result suggests that the revegetation technique using boring in rock slope was very efficient in respect of the early revegetation and the landscape.

계상구조물의 설치가 저서성 대형무척추동물의 서식생태계에 미치는 영향

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),강원석 ( Won Seok Kang ),원두희 ( Du Hee Won ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.2

The impacts of habitats changes of benthic macroinvertebrae species and individuals of the torrents due to construction of torrent structures can be summarized as follows. Approximately 16 to 40 species and 352 to 4,333.3 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrae were found around the local position of the torrent structures. Construction of torrential structures can increases the stability in the riverbed by preventing vertical corrosion and reducing the flow rate. However, if pond is created due to increase flow rate of rainfall, the temporal confusion of micro-habitats may lead to decrease in the number of species and induce reduced number of diversity as well as cause simplification in the community structure. Therefore, erosion control structures in torrent cause influence on the habitual ecosystem, though there are differences in the degree per distance depending on the types and heights of the structure. Before establishing torrent erosion control structure in mountainous torrent area, ecosystem status should be studied carefully from the planning stage and torrent habitats should be protected by deciding type, height and scale of structure, to minimize the influence on local habitants.

임도사면에 있어서 미생물처리가 녹화식물의 초기생육에 미치는 영향

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),박진원 ( Jin Won Park ) 한국산림과학회 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.4

산지사면에 있어서 퇴사량에 의한 사방댐의 시공적지 예측

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),정원옥 ( Won Ok Jeong ) 한국산림과학회 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.3

우리나라 국립공원지역의 산사태 발생특성 분석

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),정원옥 ( Won Ok Jeong ) 한국산림과학회 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.6

산지사면의 (山地斜面) 붕괴위험도 예측모델의 개발 및 실용화 방안

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ) 한국산림과학회 1994 한국산림과학회지 Vol.83 No.2

In order to get fundamental information for prediction of landslide hazard, both forest and site factors affecting slope stability were investigated in many areas of active landslides. Twelve descriptors were identified and quantified to develop the prediction model by multivariate statistical analysis. The main results obtained could be summarized as follows : The main factors influencing a large scale of landslide were shown in order of precipitation, age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, position of slope, vegetation, stream order, vertical slope, bed rock, soil depth and aspect. According to partial correlation coefficient, it was shown in order of age group of forest trees, precipitation, soil texture, bed rock, slope gradient, position of slope, altitude, vertical slope, stream order. vegetation, soil depth and aspect. The main factors influencing a landslide occurrence were shown in order of age group of forest trees, altitude, soil texture, slope gradient, precipitation, vertical slope, stream order, bed rock and soil depth. Two prediction models were developed by magnitude and frequency of landslide. Particularly, a prediction method by magnitude of landslide was changed the score for the convenience of use. If the total store of the various factors mark over 9.1636, it is evaluated as a very dangerous area. The mean score of landslide and non-landslide group was 0.1977 and -0.1977, and variance was 0.1100 and 0.1250, respectively. The boundary value between the two groups related to slope stability was -0.02, and its predicted rate of discrimination was 73%. In the score range of the degree of landslide hazard based on the boundary value of discrimination, class A was 0.3132 over, class B was 0.3132 to -0.1050, class C was -0.1050 to -0.4196, class D was -0.4195 below. The rank of landslide hazard could be divided into classes A, B, C and D by the boundary value. In the number of slope, class A was 68, class B was 115, class C was 65, and class D was 52. The rate of landslide occurrence in class A and class B was shown at the hige prediction of 83%. Therefore, dangerous areas selected by the prediction method of landslide could be mapped for land-use planning and criterion of disaster district. And also, it could be applied to an administration index for disaster prevention.

산림환경인자가 계류수의 탁수화에 미치는 영향

마호섭 ( Ho Seop Ma ),강원석 ( Won Seok Kang ),강은민 ( Eun Min Kang ) 한국산림과학회 2012 한국산림과학회지 Vol.101 No.4

This study was carried out to clarify the influences of forest environmental factors on turbidity of Stream water on three stands (Castanea crenata Pinus densiflora and Plantation Land) of small watershed in Samgye-ri Naedong-myeon Jinju-si Gyeongsangnam-do. The relationship between turbidity and forest environmental factors was a positive correlation at 1% level with chromaticity suspended solid sediment runoff erosion slope rainfall intensity preceding dry days watershed area and stream length and at 5% level with accumulative rainfall. The important factors that affected turbidity in small watershed showed in order of preceding dry days rainfall intensity stream length chromaticity and suspended solid. In the stepwise regression between turbidity and forest environmental factors the estimation equation is as follow; Y=-28.125+0.047x (suspended solid) +0.058x (chromaticity)+1.518x(rainfall intensity)+0.264x(stream length)+1.837x (preceding dry days). The results indicates that dangerous areas of landslide and soil runoff by land use could be applied to the mitigation measures such as afforestation erosion check dam and revetment for erosion control and water quality management in small watershed.