성별에 따른 아동의 비만지표, 대사성위험인자, 신체활동 비교

강현식(HyunSikKang),홍혜련(HyeRyunHong),박진국(JinKookPark) 한국체육학회 2010 한국체육학회지 Vol.49 No.6

본 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 비만지표, 대사성위험인자, 신체활동에 대한 성별 차이를 비교하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 초등학교 5-6학년 남학생 91명과 여학생 129명 총 220명으로 구성하였다. 모든 학생들을 대상으로 동작가속도계를 7일 동안 착용시켜 신체활동을 정량화하고, 비만지표와 대사성위험인자는 표준화된 프로토콜에 따라 공복상태에서 측정 및 분석하였다. 모든 측정결과는 평균±표준편차로 나타내고, 비만지표, 대사성위험인자, 신체활동에 대한 성별 차이는 independent t-tests를 이용하여 p=.05 수준에서 통계적 유의성을 검정하였다. 측정변인에 대한 성별 분석 결과 첫째, 남학생은 여학생에 비해 몸무게, 체질량지수, 허리둘레, 허리-둔부 둘레비율이 유의하게 높게 나타났다, 둘째, 여학생은 남학생에 비해 성성숙도, 체지방량, 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 인슐린, 호마지수가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 남학생은 여학생에 비해 저강도·중강도·고강도 신체활동, 평균 보수가 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 추후에는 비만지표, 대사성위험인자, 신체활동량에서 나타난 남녀 초등학생의 차이가 대사증후군과 제2형 당뇨와 같은 생활습관 질환에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 장기적인 연구가 추가적으로 필요할 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to compare gender differences in obesity indices, metabolic risk factors, physical activity between boys and girls who were either 5th or 6th grade. A total of 220 apparently healthy children (91 boys and 129 girls) were recruited from local elementary schools. Daily physical activities was measured for 7 consecutive days with an accelerometer. Obesity indices and metabolic risk factors were measured in a fasting state with standardized protocols. The data of the measured variables were expressed as mean±standard deviations. Independent t-tests were used to compare any significant differences in the measured variables between boys and girls at a statistical significance of p=0.05. Sex-based group comparisons showed that 1) boys had higher means in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio than girls, 2) boys had lower means in tanner scale, body fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance than girls, and 3) boys had higher level in low-, moderate-, vigorous, and total- physical activity than girls. In summary, a longitudinal study would be necessary to investigate how the gender differences in lifestyle factors including obesity indices, metabolic risk factors, and physical activity would affect the potential morbidity of its chronic diseases in children.

사무직 근로자의 혈청 Vitamin D 수준과 생활습관위험인자와의 연관성

진영윤(YoungYunJin),강현식(HyunSikKang) 한국체육학회 2015 한국체육학회지 Vol.54 No.5

본 연구는 사무직 근로자를 대상으로 비타민 D 상태와 생활습관위험인자간의 연관성을 조사하고자 하였다. S시의 30세 이상 사무직 근로자 515명(남 336명, 여 179명)을 대상으로 혈청 비타민 D 수준, 비만지표, 체력, 대사성위험인자 및 혈중 지질 그리고 좌식습관을 포함한 생활습관위험인자를 측정하였다. 혈청 비타민 D 수준을 기준으로 결핍(<20ng/mL), 부족(20-29 ng/mL), 충분(≥30 ng/mL) 집단으로 구분하고, 집단 간 생활습관위험인자를 비교하였다. 분석결과, 비타민 D 수준이 높아질수록 체지방율(p=.030)과 좌식습관(p<.001)은 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하는 선 경향성이 나타났으며, 골격근량(p=.037), 심폐체력(p<.001) 그리고 HDL-C(p=.013)은 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하는 선 경향성이 나타났다. 또한 심폐체력이 낮은 집단이 높은 집단보다 비타민 D 부족 또는 결핍에 노출될 상대적 위험도가 남녀 각각 2.144배(95%CI .469-1.808, p=.042), 1.971배(95%CI .305-1.974, p=.045) 정도 높게 나타났으며, 좌식시간이 가장많은 집단이 가장 적은 집단보다 비타민 D 부족 또는 결핍에 노출될 상대적 위험도는 여성 사무직 근로자 집단에서만 1.262배(95%CI 0.074-1.527 p=.043) 정도 높게 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 사무직 근로자의 낮은 비타민 D수준은 낮은 심폐체력 및 장시간의 좌식습관과 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사무직 근로자의 건강증진과 충분한 비타민 D 공급을 위해 건강한 생활습관 변화와 근무 환경 개선이 우선적으로 필요할 것으로 판단된다. The study investigated the relationship between vitamin D status and lifestyle risk factors in office workers. A total of 515 office workers(336 men and 179 women) aged 30 years or older were voluntarily recruited from S-city. Along with serum vitamin D levels, lifestyle risk factors including obesity index, physical fitness, metabolic risk factors, lipids profile and sedentary behavior were measured using standardized protocols. Subjects were classified as deficiency (<20ng/mL), insufficiency (20-29ng/mL), and sufficiency (≥30ng/mL) based on serum vitamin D levels. Linear contrast analysis using one-way ANOVA showed significant linear decreases in mean body fat (p=.030) and sedentary behavior (p<.001) and significant linear increases in skeletal muscle (p=.037), cardiorespiratory fitness (p<.001) and HDL-C (p=.013) across incremental serum vitamin D levels. Compared with the low cardiorespiratory fitness group, the high cardiorespiratory fitness group had a significantly higher odds ratio (men OR=2.144, p=.042, women OR=1.971, p=.045) for having vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency even adjustment after age. Compared to the shortest sitting time group, the longest sitting time group had a significantly higher odds-ratio in a group of female office workers (OR=1.262, p=.043) for having vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency even adjustment after age. The current findings of the study showed that poor physical fitness and sedentary behavior were the risk factors of low serum vitamin D levels, implying the urgent need for a healthy lifestyle modification along with vitamin D supplementation.

자연과학편 : 사이클의 안장높이가 무산소성 파워에 미치는 영향

김병로(ByungRohKim),강현식(HyunSikKang),변범수(BumSooByen) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of this study was to define the optimal seat height for eliciting maximal leg power output during 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test.Ten male college-students 19-21 years old served as subjects for this study. Subject`s leg length was determined as measuring the distance from the floor to the symphysis pubis with subjects standing straighted-legged on bare foot against the wall. And then it was used as the criteria to determine seat height of 100%. The seat heights used in this study were 92, 96, 100, 104, 108, and 112% of the distance measured from the symphysis pubis to the floor. And it was measured from the pedal to the top of the seat along a straight-line formed by the crank, seat tube and seat post.In each of the six sessions the test was administered on a mechanically braked cycle ergometer (Monark 818). The selection of the seat height per session was done randomly. The measured variables were total work(TW), mean power(MP), peak power(PP), and fatigue index(FI). One-way ANOVA and Turkey were used to assess the mean differences of TW, MP, PP, and FI. The results were summarized as follows:1. The greatest TW was produced with the use of seat height of 108% (1722±80.28 kpm), even though there were no significant difference in TWs of the seat heights used (P>.05).2. The greatest MP was produced with the use of seat height of 108% (57.40±2.67 kpm/sec), even though there were no significant difference in MPs of the seat heights used (P>.05).3. The PP was similar with the use of seat heights of 92, 96, 100, 104, 108% (66.00-66.90 kpm/sec).4. FI increased gradually from the use of 112% seat height to the use of 92% seat height, meaning that it was highest with the use of 92% seat height and lowest with use of 112% seat height. And there were significant differences among FIs of seat heights of 92, 104, 108, and 112% (P<.05).

일회성 걷기 운동이 비만 중년여성들의 인슐린 저항성과 IL-6의 반응에 미치는 영향

한태경(HanTaeKyung),이혜실(HyeSilLee),강현식(HyunSikKang) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.4

본 연구는 일회성 걷기 운동이 비만 중년여성들의 인슐린 저항성 지표와 혈중 IL-6의 시간대별 회복기 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 총 14명의 비만 중년여성으로 건강하고 의학적으로 질환이 없으며 혈당, 혈압 등의 약물을 복용하지 않은 자로 일반집단(6명)과 상대적 위험집단(8명)을 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 신체구성으로 체질량지수, 체지방률, 허리둘레를 측정하였고, 가외변인으로 신체활동과 식이섭취량을 조사하였으며, 그리고 혈당, 혈중지질, 인슐린저항성 지표, 그리고 혈중 IL-6 농도를 운동 후 회복기 시간대별로 측정하였다. 모든 참여자들은 3일 동안 최대산소섭취량의 65%로 1200 kcal(400 kcal/일)를 소모하는 걷기 운동을 실시하였다. 일회성 걷기 운동에 따른 일반집단과 상대적 위험집단의 혈당 감소 효과가 나타났으며, 일반집단에 비해 상대적 위험집단에서 인슐린 농도 감소 및 인슐린 저항성 지표 시간대별 감소효과가 보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 일회성 운동에 따른 IL-6의 회복기 시간대별 분비량은 집단별 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. Little is known regarding the effect of acute exercise training on insulin resistance syndrome markers and the relationships among serum interleukin-6(IL-6) and insulin resistance responses to acute exercise training. The purpose of the study was to investigate responses of serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and IL6 to the acute walking exercise targeting at 1200 kcal of exercise energy expenditure. A total of fourteen middle aged women were classified into either normal group or high-risk group based on markers of insulin resistance syndrome, Serum blood samples were collected at baseline and 0 minute, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours after the acute exercise. Collected serum samples were used for the assessments of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and IL-6. ANOVA with repeated measured used to compare any significant differences in glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and IL-6 responses between the two group over the 5 different time points. Significant time effect only was found for serum glucose responses to acute exercise(p<.001). Significant time by group interaction were found to serum insulin(p=.040) and HOMA-IR(p=.018) response to acute exercise. And no significant time or group or time by group interactions were found for serum IL-6 responses to acute exercise. The current findings of the study suggest that acute exercise as a means of improving insulin resistance markers was more effective for the high-risk group, as compared with low-risk group and however, improvements of insulin resistance markers were not mediated by serum IL-6 time of response to acute exercise.

자연과학편 : SNP T45G 유전자 다형성에 따른 심폐체력과 대사증후군 지표와의 관계

정정욱(JeongWookJung),김태경(TaeKyungKim),강현식(HyunSikKang) 한국체육학회 2009 한국체육학회지 Vol.48 No.2

아디포넥틴은 지방조직에서 분비되는 특수한 단백질로서 비만이나 대사증후군 위험요소, 만성질환 및 제 2형 당뇨환자에게서 감소하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 20대 성인을 대상으로 한국인의 아디포넥틴 유전자 다형성(SNP T45G)을 분석하여 다형에 따른 대사증후군 및 심폐체력과의 연관성을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 한국인 20대 성인 700명(남자 497명, 여자 203명)을 대상으로 Real-Time PCR을 이용하여 SNP T45G를 분석하였으며, 심폐체력을 측정하기 위하여 GXT를 통해 최대산소섭취량을 측정하였다. 또한 신체구성(신체질량지수, 체지방량, 허리둘레)과 혈액변인(지질, 공복시 글루코스, 공복시 인슐린, 아디포넥틴)을 표준화된 프로토콜에 따라 측정하였다. 그 결과 SNP T45G의 G 대립유전자가 T 대립유전자 보다 BMI(p=.027)가 높게 나타났으며, G 대립유전자에서 심폐체력이 낮은 집단의 허리둘레(P<.001), BMI(P<.001), %BF(P<.001), SBP(P=.010), DBP(P=.006), 공복시 혈당(P=.001), TG(P<.001), HDL-C(P=.022)과 LDL-C(P=.004)에서 심폐체력이 높은 집단과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 한국인의 SNP T45G 유전자 다형은 대사증후군 지표와 비만지표로 의미가 있을 것으로 생각되며, SNP T45G의 위험인자는 G 대립 유전자로 생각된다. 또한 환경적인 요소인 심폐체력이 정상보다 낮을 경우 젊은 한국 성인의 대사증후군과 비만에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각된다. Adiponectin is an adipose tissue specific protein that is decreased in subjects with obesity, metabolic risk factors, and chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether or not the SNP T45G gene single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and metabolic syndrome markers in their twenties. The SNP T45G were genotype in young 700 korean adults (497 men and 203 women) by using the Real-Time Quantitative PCR with TaqMan detection chemistry, CRF was measured as the maximum volume of minute oxygen consumption during a graded treadmill testing. Body composition (i.e., body mass index, percent body fat, waist circumference) and blood chemistry (lipids, glucose, insulin, adiponectin) were measured using our standardized protocols. With respect to SNP T45G variants, group analyses showed that those with G allele had significantly higher BMI(P=.027) than those with T allele. Further, those with low CRF had significantly higher waist circumference(P<.001), BMI(P<.001), %BF(P<.001), SBP(P=.010), DBP(P=.006), fasting glucose(P=.001), TG(P<.001), HDL-C(P=.022) and LDL-C(P=.004) than those with high CRF in G allele. The current findings of the study suggest that 1) the adiponectin gene SNP T45G polymorphism may be used as a genetic susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome, risk allele is G allele. 2) Row CRF may play as an important modulator in determining the significance of the genetic predisposition to obesity and metabolic syndrome in young Korean adults.

복부비만 중년여성의 비만과 대사증후군 예방 및 치료를 위한 적정운동량 -폐경 전,후 중년여성을 중심으로-

윤은선(EunSunYoon),이지영(JiYoungLee),강현식(HyunSikKang),안의수(EueSooAnn),우상구(SangGuWoo),김동제(DongJaeKim) 한국체육학회 2008 한국체육학회지 Vol.47 No.6

본 연구에서는 폐경 전, 후의 복부비만여성들을 대상으로 비만 및 대사증후군 지표 개선을 위한 적정 운동량을 제시하고자 하였다. 집단을 폐경 전, 후 그리고 운동을 실시하지 않은 CON집단과 칼로리 소모량에 따라 LV-EX집단(1,000~1,500kcal/week), MV-EX(1,500~2,000kcal/week), HV-EX(2,000~2,500kcal/week)으로 구분하여 주당 3회, 12주 걷기운동을 실시하였다. 연구결과 폐경 전후 여성 모두 주당 1000kcal 이상의 운동량은 체중감량에 효과적이었으며, 체지방율, BMI, 허리둘레의 경우 주당 최소 1500kcal 운동에서 감소되었고, 적극적인 비만치료 및 혈중 TC와 이완기 혈압의 감소를 위해서는 주당 2000∼2500kcal 이상의 운동이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 폐경 전, 후 여성 모두에서 유사한 경향을 보였으나, 폐경 후 여성은 폐경 전 여성에 비해 동일한 운동의 효과를 얻기 위해 더 많은 운동량이 요구되는 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the weekly optimum volume of exercise needed to improve obesity and metabolic indices in centrally obese, mid-life women who participated in a 12 week-walking exercise program. Based on the menopausal state and volume of energy expended during the exercise training sessions, the participants were divided into premenopausal group, postmenopausal group and CON group, low volume exercise(LV-EX) group(1,000~1,500kcal/week), moderate volume exercise(MV-EX) group(1,500~2,000kcal/week), and high volume exercise(HV-EX) group(2,000~2,500kcal/ week). The current findings suggest that a minimum amount of 1,000kcal/week is needed to improve obesity indices and possibly exercise-induced energy expenditure of 1,500kcal/week appears to be optimal for the improvement of obesity and above 2,000~2,500kcal/week appears to be for the active improvement of obesity, and decrease total cholesterol(TC) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP). its-related metabolic syndrome markers in centrally obese mid-life women. And it will be need more exercise volume to require similar exercise effect in postmenopausal than premenopausal women.

운동생리학 : 일반인과 비만인의 UCP2 유전자 다형에 따른 혈압의 비교분석

이지영(JiYoungLee),박수현(SooHyunPark),윤은선(EunSunYoon),우상구(SangKooWoo),강현식(HyunSikKang),안의수(EueSooAnn) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.2

The purpose of the study was to compare body fatness, cardio-respiratory fitness, blood pressure, and nitric oxide across the UCP2 gene I/D polymorphism in non-obese and obese man. A total of 92 apparently healthy volunteers (non-obese, n=54; obese, n=38; aged 20-30 years) were recruited via flyers and local advertisements. Body fatness measures included body weight, percent body fat, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio. Cardio-respiratory fitness measures included VO2max, 1-min recovery heart rate, and treadmill exercise duration. Diastolic and systolic blood pressures were measured by using a mercury sphygmometer. Mean arterial blood pressure was calculated. Nitrite concentration was measured in fasting plasma samples. Chi-square analysis showed no significant difference in the relative frequencies of the UCP2 I/D genotypes between the non-obese and obese groups. One-way analyses of variance showed significant genotype differences in DBP (p=.029), MAP (p=.040), and nitrite concentration (p=.027) in the obese group such that those with DD genotype had significantly higher values than those with ID genotype. With respect to the non-obese group, however, there were no significant genotype differences in any of the measured variables. Therefore, the current findings suggest that 1) the UCP2 I/D gene polymorphism may contribute to elevated blood pressure in the obese group and 2) compared to those with ID genotype, higher nitrite concentration found in those with DD genotype may reflect a compensatory response to the elevated blood pressure in the obese group with DD genotype.

운동생리학 : 비만지표와 안정 시 대사량 및 심폐체력에 대한 β3-AR과 UCP-2 유전자 다형의 상호작용 효과

이지영(JiYoungLee),한태경(TaeKyoungHan),김대영(DaeYoungKim),박수현(SooHyunPark),안의수(EueSooAnn),강현식(HyunSikKang) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.4

The purpose of the study was to experiment synergy effects of beta3-adrenergic receptor(β3-AR) and uncoupling protein 2(UCP2) gene polymorphism on obesity indices, resting metabolic rate(RMR), and cardiopulmonary fitness. A total of 154 apparently healthy volunteers was recruited via flyers and local advertisements. Obesity indices included body mass index(BMI), percent body fat(%BF), waist circumference, waist/hip ratio. A group having Trp/Trp(TT) homozygotes of β3-AR gene together with Deletion/Deletion(D/D) homozygotes of UCP2 gene showed high mean value significantly in body weight(p=0.004), %BF(p=0.039), BMI(p=0.016), waist circumference(p=0.005), waist/hip ratio(p=0.040), and RMR(p=0.025). And the maximal oxygen consumption per minute low than other groups but it was not significant difference statistically. We think that this synergy effect of β3-AR and UCP2 for obesity indices and RMR made by correlation of these gene and than accumulation of body fat may be accelerated, because a simultaneous mutation of β3-AR and UCP2 bring about not only increasing accumulation of body fat but also decreasing cardiopulmonary fitness by decreasing RMR and fat oxidation. Therefore, the current findings suggest that in the event of mutation of β3-AR and UCP2 simultaneously, morbidity on obesity may increase .