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Ingestion Exposure to Nitrosamines in Chlorinated Drinking Water
김희갑,한기찬 환경독성보건학회 2011 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.26 No.-
Objectives: N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and is formed during the chlorination of municipal drinking water. In this study, selected nitrosamines were measured in chlorinated drinking water collected from Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea, and a risk assessment for NDMA was conducted. Methods: Twelve water samples were collected from 2 treatment plants and 10 household taps. Samples were analyzed for 6 nitrosamines via solid-phase extraction cleanup followed by conversion to dansyl derivatives and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Considering the dietary patterns of Korean people and the concentration change of NDMA by boiling, a carcinogenic risk assessment from ingestion exposure was conducted following the US EPA guidelines. Results: NDMA concentrations ranged between 26.1 and 112.0 ng/L. NDMA in water was found to be thermally stable, and thus its concentration at the end of boiling was greater than before thermal treatment owing to the decrease in water volume. The estimated excess lifetime carcinogenic risk exceeded the regulatory baseline risk of 10^(-5). Conclusions: This result suggests that more extensive studies need to be conducted on nitrosamine concentration distributions over the country and the source of relatively high nitrosamine concentrations.
기체 크로마토그래피/질소-선택적 검출을 이용한 소변 중 니코틴과 코티닌의 동시 분석
김희갑,박미진 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.4
A gas chromatographic method was established for the simultaneous determination of urinary nicotine and cotinine. The analytes in basified urine containing a sufficient amount of Na₂SO₄ were extracted into dichloromethane by vigorous shaking. Into the transferred organic phase was added a small amount of acidified methanol (0.5 N HCl in methanol), followed by concentrating the mixture to dryness using a mild stream of nitrogen gas. The concentrate was reconstituted with methanol and the final solution analyzed using the gas chromatograph equipped with the nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The reproducibility tests showed coefficients of variation less than I 1% for both compounds. The percent recovery for both analytes ranged from 88 to 103%, The estimated method detection limits for nicotine and cotinine were 0.60 and 5.1 ng/mL, respectively. Extraction efficiencies for both nicotine and cotinine apparently declined without the addition of Na₂SO₄ into the urine. Moreover, the absence of methanolic HCI in the extract resulted in almost complete evaporation of nicotine and partial loss of cotinine during the concentration process, indicating that the formation of nicotine-HCI and cotinine-HCI species is prerequisite to the suppression of the loss of both compounds.
보리차 제조시 수돗물 중 염소소독부산물의 제거 여부 및 보리차·옥수수차·결명차 중 Maillard 반응 생성물 동정
김희갑,이수형 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1999 環境硏究 Vol.16 No.-
볶은 보리 알과 보리 티백으로부터 일상적인 차를 만드는 과정에 따라 보리차를 제조할 때 염소로 소독된 물로부터 염소소독부산물의 수준이 감소되는지의 여부를 알아보았다. 수돗불과 두 종류의 보리차 중의 여덟가지 염소소독부산물 중에서 여섯 가지의 휘발성화합물들은 10분 동안의 가열한 후에 검출한계 이하가 되었으므로, 비휘발성 화합물인 dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid 및 총잔류염소에 대해 서로 비교하였다. 가열 전후의 상대적인 양의 변화를 비교한 결과, 세 항목 모두 유의적인 차이가 발견되지 않았으며, 원래의 물 중에서 존재하지 않았던 새로운 봉우리들이 기체크로마토그래프/전자포획검출기(GC/ECD)의 총이온크로마토그램(TIC)상에 나타났다. 중류되고 탈이온화된 물을 이용하여 두 종류의 보리차(알곡과 티백), 옥수수차와 결명차를 제조한 수 액-액 추출법과 기체크로마토그래피/질량선택검출(GC/MSD)을 이용하여 penol류, furan류, pyrrole류 등 33종의 유기화합물을 분리 · 확인하였다. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of barley tea with roasted grains and barley tea with a tea bag on the reduction of chlorination by-product(CBP) levels in chlorinated drinking water. Since the concentrations of six volatile compounds of eight CBPs were blow their respective detection limits after 10 minute heating, two nonvolatile CBPs dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid, and total chlorine were compared between tap water and two kinds of barley tea.No significant differences were observed in the relative changes of the amounts of the above three items, and new peaks which were not found in the original compounds were identified in the extracts of barley tea with roasted grains, barley tea with a tea bag, corn tea, and Cassia tora seed tea which were prepared with distilled/deionized water, using gas chromatography/mass selective detection(GC/MSD). Exclusive of fatty acids, most of the compounds were aromatic compounds such as phenols, furans, and pyrroles.
CCA 처리 목재로 지은 세 개의 통나무 구조물과 방음벽 주변 토양에서 크롬, 구리 및 비소의 공간적 분포
김희갑,송병열,구진회,Kim, He-Kap,Song, Byeong-Yeol,Koo, Jin-Hoi 한국지하수토양환경학회 2008 지하수토양환경 Vol.13 No.2
This study was conducted to investigate the spatial distributions of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) metals in soils around three log structures and a sound barrier, all built with CCA-treated wood. Sixty-six surface and 35 profile soil samples were collected around the wood structures in addition to 13 background soil samples. The concentrations of chromium, copper, and arsenic in the soil samples collected in the vicinity of the structures were higher than those in the background samples, except in the case of one structure. The concentrations in the surface soils adjacent to the 3-year-old structures seemed to be higher than those in the soils adjacent to the 8-year-old ones. Although the lateral distributions of the metals varied with the structures, chromium and arsenic appeared to show concentration gradients within 20-60 cm and 40-100 cm, respectively. Copper seemed to be the least mobile, displaying concentration gradients only within 20 cm. Even though there were no explicit vertical concentration gradients for any of the metals according to the profile soil sample analysis, chromium and copper seemed to show concentration gradients only up to 5 and 10 cm, respectively, whereas arsenic showed gradients up to 35 cm. At study sites, it was evident that heavy metals leached into soil from CCA-treated wood were confined to neighboring areas both laterally and vertically, and that any plausible ecological impact may occur only within a small range. 본 연구는 chromated copper arsenate(CCA)로 처리된 목재로 지은 세 개의 통나무 구조물과 하나의 방음벽 주변 토양에서 CCA 금속들의 공간적인 분포를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 13개의 배경 토양 시료뿐만 아니라 목재 구조물 주변에서 66개의 지표 및 35개의 종단면 토양 시료를 채취하였다. 구조물에 인접한 곳에서 채취한 토양 시료에서 크롬, 구리 및 비소의 농도는 하나의 구조물을 제외하고는 모두 배경 토양에서의 농도보다 높았으며, 3년 된 구조물에 인접한 표토에서의 농도는 8년 된 구조물에서의 농도보다 높게 나타났다. 비록 금속들의 수평 분포는 구조물에 따라 다르긴 하였지만, 크롬과 비소는 각각 20-60 cm 및 40-100 cm 내에서 농도 구배를 보이는 것 같았다. 구리는 가장 이동성이 작아서, 단지 20 cm 이내에서만 농도 구배를 나타냈다. 종단면 토양 시료 분석에 따르면 어떤 금속도 명확한 수직 분포를 보이지는 않았지만, 크롬과 구리는 각각 5 및 10 cm까지, 그리고 비소는 35 cm까지 구배를 보였다. 이 연구의 대상지역에서 CCA로 처리된 목재로부터 토양으로 용탈된 금속들은 수평 및 수직으로 인근 지역에 한정적으로 이동하여 분포하고, 가능한 생태적인 영향은 작은 범위 내에서만 일어날 것임을 보여주었다.