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Similarity in Neuronal Firing Regimes across Mammalian Species
Mochizuki, Yasuhiro,Onaga, Tomokatsu,Shimazaki, Hideaki,Shimokawa, Takeaki,Tsubo, Yasuhiro,Kimura, Rie,Saiki, Akiko,Sakai, Yutaka,Isomura, Yoshikazu,Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi,Shibata, Ken-ichi,Hirai, Daich Society for Neuroscience 2016 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.36 No.21
<P>The architectonic subdivisions of the brain are believed to be functional modules, each processing parts of global functions. Previously, we showed that neurons in different regions operate in different firing regimes in monkeys. It is possible that firing regimes reflect differences in underlying information processing, and consequently the firing regimes in homologous regions across animal species might be similar. We analyzed neuronal spike trains recorded from behaving mice, rats, cats, and monkeys. The firing regularity differed systematically, with differences across regions in one species being greater than the differences in similar areas across species. Neuronal firing was consistently most regular in motor areas, nearly random in visual and prefrontal/medial prefrontal cortical areas, and bursting in the hippocampus in all animals examined. This suggests that firing regularity (or irregularity) plays a key role in neural computation in each functional subdivision, depending on the types of information being carried.</P>
Disaster Waste Generation Rates of Buildings in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal after 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
( Raju Poudel ),( Yasuhiro Hirai ),( Misuzu Asari ),( Shin-ichi Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2018 No.1
INTRODUCTION Large quantities of debris and waste can be generated from the disasters depending on its nature and severity. Nepal was hit with powerful Gorkha Earthquake of magnitude M 7.8 on April 25, 2015, and the major aftershock of magnitude M 7.3 on May 12, 2015 resulting in large damages on building structures. The purpose of the study is to determine the unit generation rates of different building types useful in estimation of disaster waste quantity before and after the earthquake. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method adopted for determining the unit generation rates of different buildings based on the assumption where the quantity of debris generation is equal to the quantity of materials used during construction1). Unit generation rates are determined from floor area and total material quantity of buildings with the help of detailed drawings and quantity estimates for building categories Reinforced Concrete buildings (RC), Reinforced Concrete Masonry building (RC-M), Masonry with Corrugated Galvanized Iron (CGI) sheet roofed (M-C), Masonry in mud mortar with tiled roof [M-T (M)] and Masonry in mud mortar with CGI Sheet roofs [M-C (M)] of both public and residential buildings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Unit generation rates of different buildings including foundation materials are presented in Table 1. Single storied RC and RC-M building exhibited the highest unit generation rates among different buildings which is due to the less floor area for single storied building. For the same types of building, unit generation rates for residential buildings are more than public buildings. This is due to small size of the rooms in residential buildings and having more walls per unit area than in public building. RC building and RC-M building of similar story and utility type have almost similar unit generation rates. CONCLUSIONS Unit generation rates of different buildings in Kathmandu ranged from 1.90 to 3.05 tons/m2. Unit generation rates provide information for estimation of disaster waste useful for post-disaster and pre-disaster planning for effective management.