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Triterpenoid-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from plants
Rahimi, Shadi,Kim, Jaewook,Mijakovic, Ivan,Jung, Ki-Hong,Choi, Giltsu,Kim, Sun-Chang,Kim, Yu-Jin Elsevier 2019 BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES Vol.37 No.7
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Triterpenoid saponins are naturally occurring structurally diverse glycosides of triterpenes that are widely distributed among plant species. Great interest has been expressed by pharmaceutical and agriculture industries for the glycosylation of triterpenes. Such modifications alter their taste and bio-absorbability, affect their intra−/extracellular transport and storage in plants, and induce novel biological activities in the human body. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glycosylation using UDP sugar donors. These enzymes belong to a multigene family and recognize diverse natural products, including triterpenes, as the acceptor molecules. For this review, we collected and analyzed all of the UGT sequences found in <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I> as well as 31 other species of triterpene-producing plants. To identify potential UGTs with novel functions in triterpene glycosylation, we screened and classified those candidates based on similarity with UGTs from <I>Panax ginseng</I>, <I>Glycine</I> max, <I>Medicago truncatula</I>, <I>Saponaria vaccaria</I>, and <I>Barbarea vulgaris</I> that are known to function in glycosylate triterpenes. We highlight recent findings on UGT inducibility by methyl jasmonate, tissue-specific expression, and subcellular localization, while also describing their catalytic activity in terms of regioselectivity for potential key UGTs dedicated to triterpene glycosylation in plants. Discovering these new UGTs expands our capacity to manipulate the biological and physicochemical properties of such valuable molecules.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Potential triterpene-related UGT candidates are classified based on the similarity with the UGTs with known function in triterpene glycosylation. </LI> <LI> Substrate specificities are suggested among triterpene biosynthesis UGT candidates. </LI> <LI> UGTs grouping based on PSPG motif involved in sugar donor specificity is presented. </LI> <LI> MeJA inducibility, physiological function, tissue expression, catalytic characteristics of triterpene biosynthesis UGTs are discussed. </LI> <LI> Regioselectivity and catalytic characteristic of triterpene biosynthesis UGTs are described. </LI> </UL> </P>
Rahimi, Shadi,Kim, Yu-Jin,Sukweenadhi, Johan,Zhang, Dabing,Yang, Deok-Chun Oxford University Press 2016 Journal of experimental botany Vol.67 No.21
<▼1><P><B>Highlight</B></P><P>In ginseng, jasmonic acid promotes expression of the biosynthetic genes for ginsenosides. <I>PgLOX6</I> encodes a lipoxygenase that is required for biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and its overexpression increases ginsenoside levels.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Ginsenosides, the valuable pharmaceutical compounds in <I>Panax ginseng</I>, are triterpene saponins that occur mainly in ginseng plants. It was shown that <I>in vitro</I> treatment with the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is able to increase ginsenoside production in ginseng plants. To understand the molecular link between JA biosynthesis and ginsenoside biosynthesis, we identified a JA biosynthetic 13-lipoxygenase gene (<I>PgLOX6</I>) in <I>P. ginseng</I> that promotes ginsenoside production. The expression of <I>PgLOX6</I> was high in vascular bundles, which corresponds with expression of ginsenoside biosynthetic genes. Consistent with the role of <I>PgLOX6</I> in synthesizing JA and promoting ginsenoside synthesis, transgenic plants overexpressing <I>PgLOX6</I> in Arabidopsis had increased amounts of JA and methyl jasmonate (MJ), increased expression of triterpene biosynthetic genes such as <I>squalene synthase</I> (<I>AtSS1</I>) and <I>squalene epoxidase</I> (<I>AtSE1</I>), and increased squalene content. Moreover, transgenic ginseng roots overexpressing <I>PgLOX6</I> had around 1.4-fold increased ginsenoside content and upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis-related genes including <I>PgSS1</I>, <I>PgSE1</I>, and <I>dammarenediol synthase</I> (<I>PgDDS</I>), which is similar to that of treatment with MJ. However, MJ treatment of transgenic ginseng significantly enhanced JA and MJ, associated with a 2.8-fold increase of ginsenoside content compared with the non-treated, non-transgenic control plant, which was 1.4 times higher than the MJ treatment effect on non-transgenic plants. These results demonstrate that <I>PgLOX6</I> is responsible for the biosynthesis of JA and promotion of the production of triterpenoid saponin through up-regulating the expression of ginsenoside biosynthetic genes. This work provides insight into the role of JA in biosynthesizing secondary metabolites and provides a molecular tool for increasing ginsenoside production.</P></▼2>
Global Trends in Plant Genomics Research to Improve Crop Productivity at PAG XXIV Conference
( Shadi Rahimi ),( Kwon Kyoo Kang ),( Yong Gu Cho1 ) 한국육종학회 2016 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.4 No.1
Increasing demand for food commodities and energy supply highlight the necessity to further improve crop productivity. At the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV), recent developments and future plans for genomics research of plants and animals were presented. PAG XXIV provided a forum to explore crop genomes with the aim of providing new opportunities for crop breeding and the foundation for functional genomic studies to improve agriculture production and help feed the growing population. Genetic diversity and population structure studies of crops have allowed us to explore alleles related to different characteristics important for plant breeding. Several useful databases were introduced in PAG XXIV. They were developed to integrate a growing set of commonly used data types and analysis tools with new capabilities for visualization, exploration, and predictive analysis. This review highlights the global trends in plant genomics presented at PAG XXIV by focusing on crop productivity.
Genomics Researches and Their Applications in Plant Breeding at PAG XXIV Conference
( Franz Marielle Nogoy ),( Shadi Rahimi ),( Kwon-kyoo Kang ),( Yong-gu Cho ) 한국육종학회 2016 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.4 No.1
The rise of whole genome sequences of different plants provided more understanding about the gene regulation and genome evolution in further studying plants. More and more pathways and networks are identified by novel gene discoveries. Therefore, the Plant and Animal Genome Conference (PAG XXIV) provides a good venue to share the recent progress in the area of plant research genome sequencing technologies in various plants. However, this information can make a powerful system for developing improved crop varieties. By the way, the genome annotation and assembly is an essential key for breeding of stress-tolerant plants. PAG XXIV demonstrated different works about the extensive use of genomic databases accompanied by bioinformatics tools to accelerate breeding methods, discovery of new approaches to genomics, further increasing biomass of bioenergy crops, and explaining the genetic mechanisms in plant growth and defense. This review article summarizes some of the researches in various plants of rice, corn, wheat, cottonwood, switchgrasses, Thinopyrum, wheatgrass and Arabidopsis presented in PAG XXIV with the focus on genome technologies and their applications in plant breeding.
( Franz Marielle Nogoy ),( Jae-young Song ),( Sothea Ouk ),( Shadi Rahimi ),( Soon Wook Kwon ),( Kwon-kyoo Kang ),( Yong-gu Cho ) 한국육종학회 2016 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.4 No.3
Abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield. Conventional breeding is a very effective method to develop tolerant rice variety; however, it takes a decade long to establish a new rice variety. DNA-based markers have a huge potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for rice has provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. The limitations of conventional breeding such as linkage drag and lengthy time consumption can be overcome by utilizing DNA markers in plant breeding. The major applications of DNA markers such as MAS, QTL mapping and gene pyramiding have been surveyed. In this review, we presented the latest markers available for some of the most important abiotic and biotic stresses in rice breeding programs. Achieving a significant impact on crop improvement by marker assisted breeding (MAB) represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.