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John W. Brown,Scott E. Miller 국립중앙과학관 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.16 No.3
Two new species of Xenolepis are described and illustrated from Papua New Guinea: X. neoguineana Brown & Miller, n. sp., and X. slipihalo Brown & Miller, n. sp. All specimens examined were collected as larvae, most from Syzygium spp. (Myrtaceae), but a few from Garcinia (Clusiaceae), Ziziphus (Rhamna ceae), Amyema (Loranthaceae), and Gomphandra (Stemonuraceae), which represent the first reportedfood plants for Xenolepis. The new species bring to seven the number of described species in the genus. We also present DNA barcodes, host plants, and an illustration of the male genitalia of an undescribedspecies from New Guinea, but refrain from naming it owing to the paucity and poor quality of thespecimens. Available descriptions and illustrations indicate that Xenolepis, as presently defined, com prises two distinct species groups that are superficially disparate but possess very sim
A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation
Brown, Peter F.,Stephen, John Cocke,Pietra, A. Della,Della, Vincent J.,Jelinek, Pietra Fredrick,Lafferty, John D.,Mercer, Robert L.,Roossin, Paul S. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1991 語學硏究 Vol.27 No.1
In this paper, we present a statistical approach to machine translation. We describe the application of our approach to translation from French to English and give preliminary results.
Patterns of Lepidoptera herbivory on conifers in the New World
John W. Brown 국립중앙과학관 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.11 No.1
Five families of conifers are native to the New World: Pinaceae (104 species), Cupressaceae (73 species), Podocarpaceae (40 species), Araucariaceae (2 species), and Taxaceae (6 species). Pinaceae and Cupressaceae both serve as larval hosts to many specialist and generalist lepidopterans. In contrast, Podocarpaceae, Araucariaceae, and Taxaceae support exceedingly few lepidopteran herbivores. This pattern can be explained primarily by the comparatively low species richness (taxonomic diversity) and relictual distributions (host plant distribution and density) of the last three families, resulting in a lower apparency or exposure to potential herbivores. However, it is likely that secondary plant compounds also play a role in deterring insect feeding. A total of 794 species of Lepidoptera have been recorded feeding on conifers, with 503 specialists (i.e. restricted or nearly so to a single conifers family) and 291 generalists (i.e. feeding on conifers and angiosperms). Tortricoidea (n = 198) include the greatest number of conifer feeders, followed by Geometroidea (n = 196) and Noctuoidea (n = 156). Whereas the majority of species of macrolepidoptera (e.g. Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, Noctuoidea) that feed on conifers are generalist herbivores that feed on a variety of plant families (angiosperms and conifers), most microlepidopterans (e.g. Gracillarioidea, Yponomeutoidea, Gelechioidea, Pyraloidea) that feed on conifers are restricted to conifers (i.e. exceedingly few feed on angiosperms).