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- 저자 : ( Fumitake Takahashi ) (검색결과 45 건)
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( Fumitake Takahashi ),( Rosamond Tshumah-mutingwende ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2018 No.1
Mercury has been concerned more and more as a persistent toxic substance. In this context, international efforts have been paid to assess mercury risk to human health and the environment. Minamata convention on mercury was agreed in Oct. 2013 and took effect in Aug. 2017 in order to internationally control mercury applications, emission to the environment, and promote final disposal of recovered mercury in environment-safe manners. Environmental risk assessment of mercury landfill disposal is necessary to design appropriate landfill methods. In addition, it is also helpful to build public acceptance of mercury landfill site construction. Because mercury must be immobilized before landfill disposal, treatment facilities for mercury stabilization is also necessary as well as landfill sites. This means that public acceptance to construct mercury treatment facilities is also a necessary process in terms of mercury management. In general, it is easily expected that building public acceptance to construct a mercury treatment facility and a mercury landfill site is difficult owing to potential hazards and high toxicity of mercury. As a first step to evaluate difficulty to build such public acceptance, this study aims to quantify how much negative impression people have to mercury when it is compared to other hazardous materials and events. Negative impression of mercury was compared to those of radioactive wastes, infectious medical wastes, dioxin, cadmium, PM2.5 (particulate matters causing air pollutions), ultraviolet light (UV), noise, and gene-altered foods. Negative impressions of those materials and events were scaled quantitatively by pairwise comparison method with Thurstone’s law of comparative judgement. All pairs of tested subjects were presented to quenstionees one by one. Questionees selected a subject with worse impression for them. Questionnaire survey was conducted online on March 22-23<sup>rd</sup>, 2018. Selection data was collected from 1030 persons. Gender of respondents were balanced equally. The ages of respondents were from 20’s to 60’s and also balanced equally with 10-year interval. Selection ratio of each tested subject as worse impression were converted correspondingly to Z score based on Thurstone’s law of comparative judgement. Higher Z score means less negative impression. The result of web-questionnaire survey is shown in Figure 1. The subject with the worst negative impression is radioactive wastes. It agrees with our expectation because of severe social conflicts on radioactive wastes management since Fukushima nuclear plant accident in 2011. Mercury has the second worst impression compared to other materials and events. It can be explained by Minamata disease caused by mercury and its social conflicts still have remained in Japan. Although cadmium also caused public hazard, which was kidney failure and following bone softening with severe pains (itai-itai disease), people’s impression to cadmium is better than mercury. When dioxin emissions from combustion facilities like waste incinerators was reported, it gave large impacts on Japanese society (dioxin shock). However, its impression is also better than mercury. This result suggests large difficulty to construct mercury treatment facilities and landfill sites for future mercury management. It also suggests to us that mercury is regarded as severer pollutant than dioxin and other hazardous materials/events in Japan. Gaps between real toxicity and perceptual toxicity of mercury and other pollutants would be further study in terms of environmental education.
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Psychological preferences of trash bins arrangement: 3 trash bins case
( Fumitake Takahashi ),( Qiuhui Jiang ),( Shinya Suzuki ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2017 No.1
Trash bin or trash containers are daily used to collect wastes in both public and private spaces. Although trash bins are well known and always used tools in our daily lives, little scientific concerns have been paid to trash bins. For example, appropriate management of trash bins is usually based on experiences, not scientific researches. In public spaces, there are usually several trash bins to encourage waste segregation of recyclable and non-recyclable wastes by waste disposers. When three trash bins are set in certain site, they might be used for combustible wastes, incombustible wastes, and recyclable ones like PET bottles, cans,and papers, respectively. In this study, the authors focuses on the arrangement of three trash bins. If the position of trash bins, right, center, and left side in this case, can give some psychological impacts on waste disposers,it might encourage or discourage waste segregation by waste disposers. In this sense, it might be one of important subjects in appropriate management of trash bins. Therefore,the authors investigated psychological preferences of three trash bins arrangement. Trash bins for combustible wastes (burnable waste; BU), non-combustible wastes (NC), and recyclable wastes are tested. Recyclable wastes are PET bottles (PE) or cans (CA) in each survey. Psychological preferences of trash bin arrangement were scaled by web questionnair using pairwise comparison method with Thurstone's law of comparative judgement. When one pair of three trash bins arrangments like BU-PE-NC and PE-NC-BU was presented to questionees, they selected one that they felt easier and/or more appropriate to segregate wastes. All pairs of trash bin arrangements, 12 pairs in this case, were tested. Each web questionnair was conducted for 2 days and repeated 3 times from Jan. to Mar. in 2017. In eash survey, selection data was collected from 210 persons. Therefore, total 630 data was collected in this study. Gender of respondents were balanced equally. The age of respondents were from 20’s to 60’s and also balanced equally with 10-year interval. Selection ratio of each three trash bins arrangement were converted correspondignly to Z score based on Thurstone’s law of comparative judgement. Higher Z score means higher preference. Z scores of totally 12 arrangements of three trash bins are shown in Figure 1 (BU-NC-PE) and Figure 2 (BU-NC-CA), respectively. Standard deviations of Z scores were calculated based on analytical results of 3 times web questionnairs and shown as error bar in each Figure. Regardless of recyclable waste type (PE or CA), people clearly prefered trash bin for combustible waste (BU) at left side. The right side is secondary prefered and center position was not prefered (second and third worst). Trash bin for non-combustible wastes (NC) was prefered to be set directly next to BU trash bin. It means that NC trash bin at center position was prefered better than left and right sides. When BU and NC trash bins were set seperately, in particular NC at left side and BU at right sides, the preference of this trash bin arrangement was the worst regardless of PE and CA at the center. This clearly suggests that people prefer sequential arrangement of BU and NC trash bins. Before these surveys, the authors expected that there was no significant difference in preferences of trash bin arrangement or BU trash bin at right side was relatively prefered than center or left side because most people were right handed. BU transh bin at right side seemed to be easier to dispose of combustible wastes by right hand. However, survey results show that BU trash bin at left side is more prefered than that at right side. The left-to-right direction like text reading might explain such preferece difference. If people prefer to firsty dispose of combustible wastes, next non combustible wastes, and finally recyclable wastes (PE or CA), the most prefered arrangements (BU-NC-PE and BU-NC- CA) enable the same order of waste disposal along with text reading direction. Further research is necessary to investigate psychological preferences of trash bins arrangement, in particular four or five trash bins arrangement case.
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( Fumitake Takahashi ),( Qiuhui Jiang ),( Shinya Suzuki ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2016 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-
Waste recycles are one of social challenges all over the world aiming for the reduction of resource consumption and better waste management to the environment. PET bottles are typical recyclable waste. In many areas in Japan, PET bottles are segregated as recyclable waste and collected by local municipalities. For more efficient collection and recycle, it is usually requested to citizen to open caps, remove labels, wash bottles, and compact bottles before the disposal. According to the authors’ preliminary survey of collected PET bottles, these manual processes were completed for only 34% of collected PET bottles. The authors considered that psychological resistance discourages people (PET bottle users) to complete these manual processes. For example, washing a PET bottle is a little bothered task and thus some of people dispose of PET bottles without washing. In this study, the authors focused on the impact of bottle number on botheration of these manual processes. Although botheration of these manual processes is expected to increase with the increase of bottle number, quantitative impact of bottle number is still uncertain. It motivated this research. The authors developed a new method to scale botheration which people feel when they do the manual processes for PET bottle recycle. This method scales the botheration first (adjusted Z score) based on binary pairwise comparison and evaluated botheration are transformed as a unit of money (e.g. JPN yen) based on 3 types of single logarithmic linearity between adjusted Z scores and market prices. Web questionnaire was conducted to scale botheration of the manual processes with different number of PET bottles. Questionees were adjusted to set equal male/female balance and equal age distribution from 20’s to 60’s at 10-year age interval. 210 data were collected for each questionnaire and dataset was analyzed. Analysis results suggest that botheration increases exponentially with the increase of bottle number for all cases. In the case of cap-open process, botherations were scaled 0.002-3.01 yen for one bottle, 0.005-4.97 for two bottles, 0.029-11.7 for three bottles, 0.239-33.0 for 5 bottles, 1.35-77.0 for 10 bottles, 245-987 for 20 bottles, 250-995 for 30 bottles, respectively. When the number of PET bottle increases, increase rate of the botheration was not linear and usually much higher than the botheration expected based on linear increase trend especially when bottle number exceeds 10. This suggest that it will discourage people to do manual processes for PET bottle recycle if they keep untreated bottle more than 10. It is recommended to open a cap, remove a label, wash and compact a bottle just immediately after people use PET bottles.
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( Hiroaki Takahashi ),( Fumitake Takahashi ),( Yong Chil Seo ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-
1. Background The great earthquake with the magnitude of 9.0, called as Great East Japan Earthquake, attacked East Japan area on 11th Mar. 2011 and caused following tsunami. The earthquake and tsunami generated massive disaster wastes which are still preventing from disaster recovery. Therefore, disaster wastes management is important to recover local society, economy, and environment. This study focuses on mercury, which is toxic heavy metal and can cause Minamata deceases, contained in huge amount of disaster wastes. Because some daily life products and medical products like fluorescent light, blood pressure manometer, and mercury-type thermometer contain mercury, the management, treatment, and disposal of disaster wastes might have significant impact on mercury emission to the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to estimate potential mercury distribution of disaster wastes preliminarily. 2. Method At first, the authors estimated the total amount of disaster wastes by two methods. The first estimate was according to emission factors reported based on some past earthquake disaster records. The other was according to summarized operational data of some disaster waste treatment facilities. It should be noted that these estimates should need great verification because they were based on many assumptions. Although disaster wastes have some categories like combustible, wood, and metals, their summation would be reported here. Mercury distribution of disaster wastes was calculated based on mercury content of each waste category. It also should be noted that mercury content would have non-negligible uncertainty. 3. Results and discussion Estimated total amount of disaster wastes are summarized in Table 1. There are large differences between two cases for sea sediment. This needs further study for the verification. Potential mercury distribution of disaster wastes is shown in Fig. 1. Medical wastes and fluorescent lumps are major mercury sources. Around 39% of mercury contained in disaster wastes might incorporated into cement kilns, which recycled disaster wastes as cement production resources. Although recycle of disaster wastes is preferable from the viewpoint of disaster recovery, it might have non-negligible impact on mercury emission to the atmosphere. 4. Conclusion The total amount of disaster wastes, generated by Great East Japan Earthquake and following tsunami, and potential mercury distribution of disaster wastes were estimated preliminarily. This suggests that medical wastes and fluorescent lumps might be large mercury sources. However, these estimates should have large uncertainty and needs further verification.
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