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      • 이란 테헤란 시에서의 도시고형 폐기물 관리

        ( Bita Ayati ),( Hossein Ganjidoust ),( Nader Mokhtarani ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

        테헤란시에서는 많은 양의 다양한 고형 폐기물이 발생한다. 이란 환경부 (DOM) 는 많은 환경 법규를 제정하여 도시에 위치한 병원, 무역 센타, 산업시설 및 다른 산업분야에서 준수하도록 하고 있다. 이러한 법규에는 도시고형폐기물의 발생, 수거, 운반, 분별, 처리, 최종처분에 관한 것도 마련되어 있다. 거의 모든 도시에서, 감염성 폐기물과 위해성 폐기물을 포함한 산업폐기물이 도시고형폐기물과 함께 매립 처분되고 있다. 비록 매립지에 인도된 폐기물의 양을 알지라도, 폐기물 조성은 알지 못하며, 결국, 각각 다른 폐기물과 함께 매립이 이루어지기 때문에, 폐기물의 구성을 확인 하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 심지어 대부분 매립지 침출수의 수집 처리도 이루어 지지 않았다. 테헤란의 도시 혹은 주변에는 퇴비화 시설이 여러 개 있으며, 종이·유리·플라스틱에 대한 사기업의 재이용시설이 있다. 불행하게도, 인부들은 이런 재활용 가능한 물질들을 비위생적인 상태에서 수집한다. 본 연구의 목적은 이란 테헤란 시에서의 고형폐기물의 발생, 수거, 운반, 처리 과정과 처분 시 발생하는 주된 문제와 현황을 살펴보는 것이며, 시당국에서 가장 중요한 업무 중의 하나인 도시고형폐기물 최소화 프로그램을 논의하고자 하였다. Large amount of different solid wastes are produced in the capital city, Tehran every day. Many rules are set by the Department of Environment (DOE), which must be implemented by hospitals, trade centers, industries and other sectors, which are located in the cities. Amongst these rules, are the ones for municipal solid waste generation, collection, transporting, separation, treatment and final disposal? In almost all cities, municipal solid wastes along with hospital and industrial ones (including hazardous wastes) are disposed in landfill. Although some of the delivered wastes to landfill sides are known in quantities, but not known in qualities. It is therefore, very difficult to identify the composition of the waste, because in some parts different waste are disposed with each other. Even the landfill leachate are not collected and treated in most of the cases. There are several composting centers in and near the city of Tehran. There are also many private reuse centers for papers, glasses and plastics. Unfortunately, some poor people collect these materials in unhealthy conditions. In recent years, municipality has noticed to this problem especially for those papers, which are used in confectionaries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation and major problems in different steps of generation, collection, transportation, treatment processes and disposal of municipal solid wastes in the city of Tehran. The discussion of solid waste minimization programs as one of the important task of the municipality is another purpose of this paper.

      • MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE GREAT CITY OF TEHRAN, I.R.IRAN

        ( Bita Ayati ),( Hossein Ganjidoust ),( Nader Mokhtarani ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

        Large amount of different solid wastes are produced in the capital city, Tehran every day. Many rules are set by the Department of Environment (DOE), which must be implemented by hospitals, trade centers, industries and other sectors, which are located in the cities. Amongst these rules, are the ones for municipal solid waste generation, collection, transporting, separation, treatment and final disposal? In almost all cities, municipal solid wastes along with hospital and industrial ones (including hazardous wastes) are disposed in landfill. Although some of the delivered wastes to landfill sides are known in quantities, but not known in qualities. It is therefore, very difficult to identify the composition of the waste, because in some parts different waste are disposed with each other. Even the landfill leachate are not collected and treated in most of the cases. There are several composting centers in and near the city of Tehran. There are also many private reuse centers for papers, glasses and plastics. Unfortunately, some poor people collect these materials in unhealthy conditions. In recent years, municipality has noticed to this problem especially for those papers, which are used in confectionaries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation and major problems in different steps of generation, collection, transportation, treatment processes and disposal of municipal solid wastes in the city of Tehran. The discussion of solid waste minimization programs as one of the important task of the municipality is another purpose of this paper.

      • 이란에서의 유해폐기물 관리

        ( Hossein Ganjidoust ),( Bita Ayati ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

        많은 양의 산업폐수는 모든 국가에서 매일 발생하며, 이런 산업 폐수 처리를 위해 많은 돈이 소요된다. 산업체들은 산업폐수 처리로부터 이익을 얻을 수 없기 때문에, 돈 소비하는 것을 싫어한다. 즉, 산업체에서 발생한 폐수를 적절하게 처리할 경우 산업체에서는 어떤 돈도 되돌려 받지 못한다. 그러나 폐수의 배출은 어떤 배출기준에 준수하도록 환경부로부터 요구 받는다. 많은 양의 유해폐기물은 발생되며, 인간의 삶의 보호를 위해서는 유해폐기물을 통제하는 것이 중요하다. 많은 규정들은 환경부에서 제정되었으며, 이런 규정들은 산업체들과 다른 분야에 의해서 이행되어진다. 이런 규정 중에, 유해폐기물의 취급, 저장, 수집 및 처분등에 대해서는 매우 특별한 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 이란에서의 유해폐기물 발생, 수집, 운송, 저장, 취급, 처리, 처분등에서의 현황과 주된 문제점을 조사하는 것이다. 한 두개 기업의 실례 연구 통해서 유해폐기물 최소화는 본 연구의 또 다른 목적이다. Lots of industrial wastewater is produced every day in all countries. Large amount of money is spent for treatment of this wastewater. The industries do not like seriously to spend the money because they will not get any profit from that. In another words, industries do not get back any money that they expect on treating their own wastewater. But it is a real requirement from the environmental protection agencies that the wastewater discharges have to obey certain constituent's level. Large amount of hazardous waste materials is produced in the country. It is important to control them for securing the human beings life. Many rules are set by the Department of Environment, which must be implemented by industries and other sectors. Amongst these rules, are special one for the hazardous waste materials handling, storage, collection, disposal, and so on. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the current situation and major problems in I.R. Iran in the generation, collection, transportation, storage, handling, processing and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. The hazardous waste minimization case studies in one or two companies were also another purpose of this study.

      • HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

        ( Hossein Ganjidoust ),( Bita Ayati ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

        Lots of industrial wastewater is produced every day in all countries. Large amount of money is spent for treatment of this wastewater. The industries do not like seriously to spend the money because they will not get any profit from that. In another words, industries do not get back any money that they expect on treating their own wastewater. But it is a real requirement from the environmental protection agencies that the wastewater discharges have to obey certain constituent's level. Large amount of hazardous waste materials is produced in the country. It is important to control them for securing the human beings life. Many rules are set by the Department of Environment, which must be implemented by industries and other sectors. Amongst these rules, are special one for the hazardous waste materials handling, storage, collection, disposal, and so on. It is the purpose of this study to investigate the current situation and major problems in I.R. Iran in the generation, collection, transportation, storage, handling, processing and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. The hazardous waste minimization case studies in one or two companies were also another purpose of this study.

      • Degradation of oxytetracycline by nano zero valent iron under UV-A irradiation: Chemical mechanism and kinetic

        Hassanzadeh, Parisa,Ganjidoust, Hossein,Ayati, Bita Techno-Press 2014 Advances in environmental research Vol.3 No.1

        Pharmaceutical wastewater effluents are well known for their difficult elimination by traditional biotreatment methods and their important contribution to environmental pollution due to its fluctuating and recalcitrant nature. OTC is one of the nonbiodegradable antibiotics that makes antibiotic-resistant, so it can make be high risk for environment. NZVI can be a good choice for removal of OTC in aqueous solution. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the amounts of NZVI and OTC to be used at pH 3 and under 200 W, UV-A irradiation. The responses were removal percent of absorption at 290 and 348 nm, TOC and COD of OTC. In the optimum condition, Linear model was performed 155 ppm of OTC were removed by 1000 ppm NZVI after 6.5 hours and the removal efficiency of absorption at 290 and 348 nm, TOC and COD were 87, 95, 85 and 89 percent, respectively. In the similar process, there is no organic compound after 14 hours. The parameters ORP, DO and pH were investigated for 6:30 hours to study the type of NZVI reaction in process. In the beginning of reaction, oxidation was the dominant reaction after 3 hours, photocatalytic reaction was remarkable. The mechanism of OTC degradation is proposed by HPLC/ESI-MS and four by products were found. Also the rate constants (first order kinetic chain reaction model) were 0.0099, 0.0021, 0.0010, 0.0049 and $0.0074min^{-1}$, respectively.

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