요부안정화 운동이 정상인의 요부 신전력 증진에 미치는 영향

이대희,김재숙,Lee, Dae-Hee,Kim, Jae-Sook 대한물리치료과학회 2007 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of the lumbar stabilizing exercise on the isometric lumbar extension strength and the range of motion of lumbar extension. 16 healthy subjects were recruited (9 males, 7 females, mean age 25${\pm}$3.2). They performed 5 types of exercises 5 times per week for 4 weeks. We evaluated isometric trunk extension strength (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, $72^{\circ}$) by MedX(Ocala, FL) and measured range of motion of lumbar extension. All measurements were measured at pre-exercise and 4 weeks post-exercise. The results of this study were summarized as follows; After 4 weeks of exercise, isometric lumbar extension strength was generally increased but there were only significant differences at $12^{\circ},\;24^{\circ},\;48^{\circ}$. The range of motion of lumbar extension was increased (p<.05). The isometric lumbar extension strength correlated with the range of motion of lumbar extension. In conclusion, our results have shown that lumbar stabilizing exercise influenced both lumbar extension strength and range of motion of lumbar extension.

Extension of the Dynamic Range in the CMOS Active Pixel Sensor Using a Stacked Photodiode and Feedback Structure

( Sung Hyun Jo ),( Hee Ho Lee ),( Myung Han Bae ),( Min Ho Lee ),( Ju Yeong Kim ),( Pyung Choi ),( Jang Kyoo Shin ) 한국센서학회 2013 센서학회지 Vol.22 No.4

This paper presents an extension of the dynamic range in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) using a stacked photodiode and feedback structure. The proposed APS is composed of two additional MOSFETs and stacked P+/N-well/P-sub photodiodes as compared with a conventional APS. Using the proposed technique, the sensor can improve the spectral response and dynamic range. The spectral response is improved using an additional stacked P+/N-well photodiode, and the dynamic range is increased using the feedback structure. Although the size of the pixel is slightly larger than that of a conventional three-transistor APS, control of the dynamic range is much easier than that of the conventional methods using the feedback structure. The simulation and measurement results for the proposed APS demonstrate a wide dynamic range feature. The maximum dynamic range of the proposed sensor is greater than 103 dB. The designed circuit is fabricated by the 0.35-μm 2-poly 4-metal standard CMOS process, and its characteristics are evaluated.

Linear-range Extension for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Triangular Signal

W. Petchmaneelumka,W. Koodtalang,K. Songsuwankit,V. Riewruja 제어로봇시스템학회 2018 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

This paper presents a linear range extension technique for the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The technique is based on a signal conditioning circuit using the analog lookup table, which provides very high resolution of resulting signal. The analog table which is obtained by the triangular signal generator, which has the frequency equal to the excitation frequency. Meanwhile, the referenced signal is obtained by the comparison between the excitation signal and the output signal of LVDT. It is used to synchronize with the triangular signal. The proposed technique is simply circuit configuration and it can be implemented using available commercial devices. The experiment shows that the performances of the proposed circuit can be extended from the normal operating range of LVDT to the maximum stroke range. In addition, the response time of the proposed techniques can be approximated as half period of the excitation signal.

형법각칙의 현실적 성질과 구성요건의 논리적 본질

송희식(Song Hee-Sik) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2011 東亞法學 Vol.- No.52

기존의 형법학에서 범죄란 구성요건에 해당하고 위법하며 유책한 행위이다. 이 정의문는 외연적 정의와 내포적 정의를 혼동하는 오류와 범주의 오류라는 2중의 오류를 범하고 있다. 현실의 형법각칙 등은 모든 범죄를 하나하나씩 전부 규정하는 전형적인 외연적 정의이다. 외연적 정의야말로 형법각칙의 현실적 성질이다. 나아가 정당화사유, 면책사유 역시 그 구체적 사건유형을 일일이 규정한 외연적 정의이다. 범죄체계는 이러한 범죄에 대한 외연적 정의를 전제로 하는 것이다. 그럼에도 기존형법학은 범죄에 대해 구성요건해당성이라는 포섭을 마치 속성처럼 간주하여, 이를 위법성?책임과 함께 내포적 정의로 해석하려는 성공할 수 없는 노력을 해 왔다. 기존의 오류를 제거하고 범죄개념을 재구성하면, 범죄란 구성요건해당성, 정당화사유?면책사유의 비해당성이다. 이 세 개의 대립적 포섭관계가 범죄의 외연적 정의이다. 이 대립적 관계는 형사소송법에도 반영된다. 한편 범죄의 내포적 정의는 불법과 책임이 귀속가능한 사건이다. 여기에서 귀속가능하다는 것은 불법과 책임을 내용으로 하는 치역이 구성요건, 정당화 사유, 면책사유의 각 요건들의 정의역에 대응한다는 것을 의미한다. 구성요건, 정당화사유, 면책사유는 각 요건(정의역)들과 그에 대한 가치평가인 불법?책임, 정당성, 불법?면책성이 치역으로서 프레게의 함수적 대응관계에 있는 것이다. 구성요건해당성, 정당화사유해당성, 면책사유해당성이라는 세 개의 대립적 포섭관계가 종적으로 설정되고, 이 각각에 대하여 그 요건들의 정의역과 그에 대한 형법적 평가로서의 치역(불법과 책임)이 횡적으로 관통한다. 이것이 올바른 범죄체계이다. 이 새로운 범죄체계는 형법학의 많은 주제들에 대하여 재검토를 필요로 한다. A crime is defined as an illegal and culpable act conforming to ‘Tatbestand(elements of an offence)’ in the established criminal Jurisprudence. All crimes are prescribed one by one in the individual provision of criminal law and others. If it was not prescribed by a criminal law, it is not a crime. There is no exception; no crime without law. This is the principle of legality. So definition of a crime belongs to the typical extensional definition. And justification defense and excuse defense are also extensional definition, because they are also prescribed as patterns of act. They are not attributes of entity. But in the common view, ‘Tatbestand’ is regarded as an attribute of crime such as illegality and culpability. This is due to the category mistake and due to the fallacy of confusing intensional definition and extensional definition. Now, if we look at the real state of affairs, we can find a system of three extensional definitions: ‘Tatbestand’, “justification”, “excuse”. The relation of them is a confrontational system, not a staged system. Then what are illegality and culpability? They are of elementary concepts of a crime. For example, homicide has two conceptual dimensions, one is a domain dimension of homicide concept; “the killing of a human being by a human being”. The other is a range dimension of homicide concept, such as “social harmfulness, blameworthiness of that wrongful results, conduct, attendant circumstances, etc.” The domain and range of concepts have functional correspondence. In Frege’s analysis, y = f(x), values of x constitutes domain, values of y constitute range. The illegality and culpability of homicide are the range of homicide, which corresponds functionally to each element in the domain of homicide. The domain and range concepts are relevant to the elements of “justification” and “excuse”. Thus we are proposing that the theoretical system of crime has three confrontational categories and two functional dimensions: ‘Tatbestand’, “justification”, “excuse”, and domain and range. Ranges(the illegality and culpability) and domains(conceptual scope of offence) cut across the ‘Tatbestand’, “justification”, “excuse”. This system of proposition may view studies in criminal law in a new sight.

특허권 존속기간연장등록의 요건과 연장된 특허권의 효력범위 ― 일본의 재판례를 소재로 한 비교법연구 ―

신현철 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2018 서울법학 Vol.25 No.4

This paper is a comparative law study with korean Law on using japanese cases about the extension of patent term system. This paper aim to help you to understand the Japanese law and to decide on the direction of the study and practice of extension registration system in Korea about the registration requirements of extension of patent term and effect range of patent right to be extended. Korea does not have enough critical studies on trial practice and interpretation of law. This article should compare and judge the kind of patent invention related to the extension registration application and the examination items directly related to the actual identity as a medicine in the light of the subject about the registration requirements of extension of patent term and argued that the scope of the extended patent rights is broadly recognized as the scope of the patent that is actively extended including the application of the doctrine of equivalents. However, I think that the desirable operation and interpretation of the extension registration system should be decided considering the level of domestic drug development technology and the purpose of patent law. It is expected that this paper will be an opportunity to rethink the extension registration system of korea and extend deep discussion. 본고는 특허권의 존속기간연장등록제도에 관한 일본의 ‘아바스틴사건’ 최고재판소판결과 ‘옥살리플라틴사건’ 지적재산고등재판소대합의판결을 소재로 하여 한국과 비교법 연구를 한 것이다. 여기서는 특허권의 존속기간연장등록의 요건과 연장된 특허권의 효력범위에 관한 최근 일본법의 해석을 소개ㆍ분석함으로써 일본법의 이해와 한국의 존속기간연장등록제도에 관한 연구와 실무의 운영 방향을 결정하는 데 도움을 주는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 한국은 특허권의 존속기간연장등록제도를 시행한지 30년이 지났지만 재판실무와 법해석에 관한 비판적 연구가 충분하지 못한 부분이 있다. 본고는 특허권의 존속기간연장등록의 요건에 관하여 연장등록출원에 관한 특허발명의 종류와 대상에 비추어 의약품으로써의 실질적 동일성에 직접 관련되는 심사사항을 비교 판단해야 하며 연장된 특허권의 효력범위에 관해서는 균등론의 적용을 포함하여 적극적으로 연장된 특허권의 효력범위를 넓게 인정하자는 방향으로 논리를 전개하였다. 다만 존속기간연장등록제도의 바람직한 운용과 해석은 국내의 의약품 개발기술 수준과 특허법의 목적을 고려하여 결정해야 될 것으로 사료된다. 본고가 한국의 존속기간연장등록제도를 재고하고 보다 깊은 논의로 이어주는 계기가 될 것으로 기대된다.

Reliability of Hamstring Flexibility Test with Hip Inferior Glide Mobilization in Patients with Low Back Pain

김준석,황의재,권오윤,박규남 KEMA학회 2019 근골격계과학기술학회 Vol.3 No.1

ABSTRACT Background Hamstring tightness is a major cause of low back pain (LBP). The active knee extension (AKE) test is frequently used to measure hamstring tightness in supine-positioned subjects. In patients with musculoskeletal pain, it is important to maintain the axis of rotation for accurate range of motion assessment. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrarater test-retest reliability of an AKE test with belt-guided inferior gliding of the hip, which was designed to minimize excessive anterior-superior gliding of the hip in LBP patients with hamstring tightness. We also compared the range of AKE with versus without inferior gliding of the hip in this study population. Study design Reliability study. Methods Thirty-eight patients with LBP and hamstring tightness were recruited to this study. Hamstring tightness was measured in a supine AKE test, with and without inferior gliding of the hip, using the Smart KEMA device. Test–retest reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Significant differences in the range of AKE between the groups were detected using a paired sample t-test. Results The hamstring flexibility tests with and without inferior gliding of the hip exhibited good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.89 for both). The range of AKE with inferior gliding of the hip was significantly less than that of AKE without inferior gliding of the hip. Conclusions Assessment of hamstring flexibility via an AKE test with inferior gliding of the hip is reliable when applied to patients with LBP; the range of AKE was lower in this test compared to those that do not incorporate inferior gliding of the hip. ABSTRACT Background Hamstring tightness is a major cause of low back pain (LBP). The active knee extension (AKE) test is frequently used to measure hamstring tightness in supine-positioned subjects. In patients with musculoskeletal pain, it is important to maintain the axis of rotation for accurate range of motion assessment. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrarater test-retest reliability of an AKE test with belt-guided inferior gliding of the hip, which was designed to minimize excessive anterior-superior gliding of the hip in LBP patients with hamstring tightness. We also compared the range of AKE with versus without inferior gliding of the hip in this study population. Study design Reliability study. Methods Thirty-eight patients with LBP and hamstring tightness were recruited to this study. Hamstring tightness was measured in a supine AKE test, with and without inferior gliding of the hip, using the Smart KEMA device. Test–retest reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Significant differences in the range of AKE between the groups were detected using a paired sample t-test. Results The hamstring flexibility tests with and without inferior gliding of the hip exhibited good to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.89 for both). The range of AKE with inferior gliding of the hip was significantly less than that of AKE without inferior gliding of the hip. Conclusions Assessment of hamstring flexibility via an AKE test with inferior gliding of the hip is reliable when applied to patients with LBP; the range of AKE was lower in this test compared to those that do not incorporate inferior gliding of the hip.

Single image-based spatially adaptive dynamic range extension using combined color-channels transmission map

Im, J.,Yoo, Y.,Paik, J. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H 2015 OPTIK -STUTTGART- Vol.126 No.9

In this paper, a novel dynamic range extension method is presented by detecting under-exposed regions and performing spatially adaptive contrast enhancement. More specifically, a combined color-channels transmission (CCT) map is proposed to detect low-contrast regions, and spatially adaptive gain computation is used to enhance the contrast of the under-exposed regions. As a result, the proposed method can extend the dynamic range of a single input image by changing the brightness of under-exposed regions with preserving the brightness of background. Moreover, the proposed method requires less computational load than existing multiple frames-based high dynamic range (HDR) imaging methods without color distortion. For these reasons, the proposed method can be applied to various imaging devices, such as mobile phone cameras, compact digital cameras, and video surveillance systems.

연속적 능동무릎폄 검사가 뒤넙다리근의 유연성에 미치는 영향

임우택,Lim, Woo Taek 대한물리치료과학회 2021 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.28 No.1

Background: In clinical practice, active knee extension (AKE) test has been widely used to measure hamstring flexibility. During the AKE test, the knee extension is repeated six times. The first five repetitions are considered as warm-up, and the sixth is used as baseline. In order to accurately measure the subject's inherent flexibility, warm-up trials have been proposed as mentioned above; but currently, the evidence is insufficient. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-three healthy adults participated in this study. The AKE was performed slowly after flexing the hip and knee joints by 90° in a supine position. The knee was extended as far as could be done without causing discomfort or pain. When reaching the end range, knee flexion was performed without stopping. As per standard protocol, the subjects performed the knee extension six times. Results: There was no significant difference between the AKE value in the first trial with those in the other five trials. During the repetitions, the average value in the group with higher flexibility tended to decrease and the Intraclass correlation coefficient gradually decreased. Conclusion: Successive repetitions of the AKE test can misrepresent an individual's inherent hamstring flexibility. In order to avoid a decrease in hamstring flexibility, it is strongly recommended that individuals with high initial hamstring flexibility avoid unnecessary repetitions of the AKE test.

미세 현미경 레이저 요추 디스크 절제술 환자의 요부안정화운동과 SEBT 트레이닝이 등척성 요부근력과 동적균형능력, 관절가동범위에 미치는 영향

전호민,김정훈,이장규 한국산학기술학회 2020 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.21 No.2

This study examines the effects on isometric lumbar extension strength, dynamic balance ability, and range of motion, after administering 8 weeks SEBT exercise (dynamic balance exercise) and Lumbar Stabilizing exercise, to open laser lumbar microdiscectomy patients. Totally, 14 patients who underwent preservation treatment for 6 weeks after undergoing open laser lumbar microdiscectomy, were enrolled for the study. Patients were randomly assigned to the Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group (LSG, n=7) and SEBT Exercise + Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group (SGLS, n=7). Results indicate that isometric lumbar extension strength ratio significantly decreases after 8 weeks rehabilitation exercise in both the LSG (p=0.007) as well as SLSG (p=0.024) groups. Normalized reach distance of the three directions in the Y-balance test to examine the dynamic balance capability showed a significant increase in both groups. The dynamic balance capability showed significant increase to the left (LSG, p=0.010; SLSG, p=0.002) and right (LSG, p=0.002; SLSG, p=0.002). Moreover, significant increase was also obtained in the range of joint operation, in both LSG (p=0.006) and SLSG (p=0.017) groups. These results indicate that both groups of rehabilitation exercise achieve positive outcomes on the isometric lumbar extension strength, range of motion, and dynamic balance ability. However, some results suggest that the SEBT program is likely to have a better efficacy. 본 연구는 미세 현미경 레이저 요추 디스크 절제술을 시행한 환자를 대상으로 기존의 전통적 재활플그램인 요부안정화 운동에 SEBT 프로그램을 적용한 재활운동이 등척성 요부근력과 동적균형능력 그리고 관절가동범위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 규명하고자 실시되었다. 연구대상자는 미세 현미경 레이저 요추 디스크 절제술을 받은 후 6주간 보존적 치료를 받은 환자 14명을 대상으로, 요부안정화운동(Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group, LSG, n=7)과 SEBT+요부안정화운동그룹(SEBT Exercise +Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise Group, SLSG, n=7)을 8주간 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과에서, 요부의 등척성 근력 비율(72°와 0°)은 LSG(p=.007)와 SLSG(p=.024) 모두 유의하게 감소하였으며 동적균형능력을 검사하기 위한 Y-balance test의 세 방향 도달 거리에 대한 결과는 SLSG와 LSG의 모든 방향에서 유의한 증가를 보였고 동적균형 능력은 좌측(LSG, p=.010; SLSG, p=.002)과 우측(LSG, p=.002; SLSG, p=.002) 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 또한 관절가동범위는 LSG(p=.006)와 SLSG(p=.017) 두 집단 모두에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 8주간의 재활운동 후, 전통적인 요부안정화 운동과 요부안정화운동에 SEBT프로그램을 추가한 재활운동 모두 등척성 요부근력과 동적균형능력 그리고 관절가동범위에 긍정적인 효과가 나타났으며 이후에 SEBT 프로그램만의 효과를 검증하는 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Extension of the Dynamic Range using the Switching Operation of In-Pixel Inverter in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Image Sensors

성동현,김상환,Ji Min Lee,이제원,이준우,신장규 한국센서학회 2019 센서학회지 Vol.28 No.2

This paper proposes the extension of the dynamic range in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (CIS) using switching operation of in-pixel inverter. A CMOS inverter is integrated in each unit pixel of the proposed CIS for switching operations. The n+/p-substrate photodiode junction capacitances are added to each unit pixel. When the output voltage of the photodiode is less than half of the power supply voltage of the CMOS inverter, the output voltage of the CMOS inverter changes from 0 V to the power supply voltage. Hence, the output voltage of the CMOS inverter is adjusted by changing the supply voltage of the CMOS inverter. Thus, the switching point is adjusted according to light intensity when the supply voltage of the CMOS inverter changes. Switching operations are then performed because the CMOS inverter is integrated with in each unit pixel. The proposed CIS is composed of a pixel array, multiplexers, shift registers, and biasing circuits. The size of the proposed pixel is 10 μm × 10 μm. The number of pixels is 150 (H) × 220 (V). The proposed CIS was fabricated using a 0.18 μm 1-poly 6-metal CMOS standard process and its characteristics were experimentally analyzed.