Optimization of hysteresis on the liquid level system and hysteresis process implemented with siphon in the liquid level system

Inhyun Kyoung,Jietae Lee,Yongjeh Lee,Dae Ryook Yang 제어로봇시스템학회 2015 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

Hysteresis on the liquid level system(HOLLY)-based water tank liquid level systems show popular in testing multivariable control systems for multivariable processes with positive or negative zeros. When showing the relationship between the quantity of state and the variables of state in the substance obtained by test bed, it can be seen to draw a loop phenomenon which the quantity of state is not consistent at the time of increasing and decreasing after the variable of state was increased or decreased cyclically in a predetermined range. This phenomenon is called hysteresis. In some exothermic reactors, ignition and extinction temperatures are different. The ignition temperature is greater than the extinction temperature. It shows hysteresis for increasing and decreasing the reactor temperatures. Similarly, hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials, as well as in the deformation of some materials such as rubber bands and shape-memory alloys in response to a varying force. Test bed to inspect like as nonlinear dynamics are complicated construct and operate. To solve this, a liquid level system advanced a great deal such hysteresis process by using siphon occurrence. Siphon has become aware of hysteresis in our liquid level system named the hysteresis on the liquid level system(HOLLY). This HOLLY is compact size and even simply assemble parts for the process control. Apart from anything else this is not produce wastes. Here a supplementary dynamic aspect with siphon applying a hysteresis process is proposed.

Post-treatment of perovskite film with phenylalkylammonium iodide for hysteresis-less perovskite solar cells

Yoo, Hyun-Seok,Park, Nam-Gyu North-Holland 2018 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Superb solar-to-electricity conversion property of organic-inorganic halide perovskite has recently received considerable attention. Although the power conversion efficiency (PCE) reaches over 22%, severe current-voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells has been issues. To solve the hysteresis, we report here on interfacial engineering via post-treatment of perovskite films with phenylalkylammonium iodide. The 145 °C-annealed FA<SUB>.9</SUB>Cs<SUB>.1</SUB>PbI<SUB>2.9</SUB>Br<SUB>.1</SUB> perovskite films are post-treated with series of phenylalkylammonium iodides with chemical formula of (C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>)C<SUB>n</SUB>H<SUB>2n</SUB>(NH<SUB>3</SUB>I), where effects of concentration and solvent on photovoltaic performance and hysteresis are systematically investigated. For n = 2 phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI), hysteresis is reduced by PEAI treatment but there is optimal concentration to minimize the hysteresis. Average PCE, estimated from reverse and forward scanned data, of 15.94% before PEAI treatment is improved to 17.62% after 4 mM PEAI treatment mainly due to increase in average FF from 0.696 to 0.751. At higher concentration of 10 mM, average PCE is declined again to 15.60% due to the large difference in FF between reverse and forward scan. Post-treatment with PEAI increases carrier life time from 500 ns (pristine) to 795 ns, which is responsible for the reduced hysteresis. Longer alkyl chain such as PEAI (n = 2) is found to be better to reduce the hysteresis than shorter one like PAI (n = 0) because of longer carrier life time, which indicates that dipole moment of phenylalkylammonium iodide is involved in time-dependent charge extraction.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Post-treatment of perovskite with phenylalkylammonium iodide is an effective approach to minimize I-V hysteresis. </LI> <LI> Hysteresis depends on concentration of phenylalkylammonium iodide. </LI> <LI> Suppression of hysteresis is due to the reduced interfacial trap states. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

수소분리용 TiCo_xFe_1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 금속막 제조

장규영,강태범,Jang, Kyu-young,Kang, Tae Beom 한국막학회 2015 멤브레인 Vol.25 No.2

$TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금을 제조하고, 합금의 특성을 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT)곡선, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)에 의해 조사하였고, $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)-stainless steel (SS) 복합막에 대해 $H_2-N_2$ 혼합기체분리실험을 하였다. X-선 회절분석에 의하면 $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금의 결정구조는 TiCo와 같은 입방정구조이었다. $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금은 $120^{\circ}C$에서 hysteresis현상을 나타내었고, 합금 중 Fe의 양이 증가함에 따라 x=0.90~1.00과 0.50~0.55 범위에서는 hysteresis가 증가하였고, x=0.55~0.90 범위에서는 감소하였다. 가장 작은 hysteresis를 나타낸 합금은 $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$이었다. $120^{\circ}C$에서 $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)-SS 복합막의 수소투과압력의 최저값은 $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$에서 2.5 atm을 나타내었고, 최대값은 $TiCo_{0.90}Fe_{0.10}$에서 10 atm을 나타내었다. $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~.00)-SS 복합막에 의하여 $120^{\circ}C$에서 $H_2-N_2$ 혼합기체를 분리하는 경우, 가장 우수한 복합막은 고압부의 수소투과압력이 2.5 atm으로 가장 낮고, hysteresis가 가장 작은 $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$-SS 복합막이었다. We have studied on the preparation of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy, the characteristics of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT) curve, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the $H_2-N_2$ gas mixture separation of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)- stainless steel (SS) composite membranes. The formation of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys with cubic crystal same as TiCo was confirmed by X-ray diffractometer. $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys showed the hysteresis at $120^{\circ}C$. As the Fe content of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys increased, the hysteresis was increased both range x=0.90~1.00 and x=0.55~0.60, and the range x=0.55~0.90 gave decreased hysteresis. $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$ alloy was the one showed the lowest hysteresis among them. The lowest value of hydrogen permeation pressure of $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membrane was $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$-SS composite membrane with the value of 2.5 atm at $120^{\circ}C$; otherwise, $TiCo_{0.90}Fe_{0.10}$-SS composite had the highest pressure value among the membranes with the value of 10 atm. $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$-SS composite membrane was the best to separate the $H_2-N_2$ gas mixture excellently among the $TiCo_xFe_{1-x}$(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membranes since $TiCo_{0.55}Fe_{0.45}$ had the least hysteresis, and hydrogen permeation pressure was the lowest with value of 2.5 atm.

수소분리용 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 금속막 제조

장규영,강태범 한국막학회 2015 멤브레인 Vol.25 No.2

We have studied on the preparation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy, the characteristics of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT) curve, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the H2-N2 gas mixture separation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)- stainless steel (SS) composite membranes. The formation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys with cubic crystal same as TiCo was confirmed by X-ray diffractometer. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys showed the hysteresis at 120°C. As the Fe content of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys increased, the hysteresis was increased both range x=0.90~1.00 and x=0.55~0.60, and the range x=0.55~0.90 gave decreased hysteresis. TiCo0.55Fe0.45 alloy was the one showed the lowest hysteresis among them. The lowest value of hydrogen permeation pressure of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membrane was TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS composite membrane with the value of 2.5 atm at 120°C; otherwise, TiCo0.90Fe0.10-SS composite had the highest pressure value among the membranes with the value of 10 atm. TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS composite membrane was the best to separate the H2-N2 gas mixture excellently among the TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membranes since TiCo0.55Fe0.45 had the least hysteresis, and hydrogen permeation pressure was the lowest with value of 2.5 atm. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금을 제조하고, 합금의 특성을 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT)곡선, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)에 의해 조사하였고, TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-stainless steel (SS) 복합막에 대해 H2-N2 혼합기체분리실험을 하였다. X-선 회절분석에 의하면 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금의 결정구조는TiCo와 같은 입방정구조이었다. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금은 120°C에서 hysteresis현상을 나타내었고, 합금 중 Fe의 양이증가함에 따라 x=0.90~1.00과 0.50~0.55 범위에서는 hysteresis가 증가하였고, x=0.55~0.90 범위에서는 감소하였다. 가장 작은hysteresis를 나타낸 합금은 TiCo0.55Fe0.45이었다. 120°C에서 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS 복합막의 수소투과압력의 최저값은TiCo0.55Fe0.45에서 2.5 atm을 나타내었고, 최대값은 TiCo0.90Fe0.10에서 10 atm을 나타내었다. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~.00)-SS 복합막에 의하여 120°C에서 H2-N2 혼합기체를 분리하는 경우, 가장 우수한 복합막은 고압부의 수소투과압력이 2.5 atm으로 가장 낮고, hysteresis가 가장 작은 TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS 복합막이었다.

수소분리용 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 금속막 제조

장규영,강태범 한국막학회 2015 멤브레인 Vol.25 No.2

TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금을 제조하고, 합금의 특성을 X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT)곡선, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)에 의해 조사하였고, TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-stainless steel (SS) 복합막에 대해 H2-N2 혼합기체분리실험을 하였다. X-선 회절분석에 의하면 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금의 결정구조는 TiCo와 같은 입방정구조이었다. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)계 합금은 120°C에서 hysteresis현상을 나타내었고, 합금 중 Fe의 양이 증가함에 따라 x=0.90~1.00과 0.50~0.55 범위에서는 hysteresis가 증가하였고, x=0.55~0.90 범위에서는 감소하였다. 가장 작은 hysteresis를 나타낸 합금은 TiCo0.55Fe0.45이었다. 120°C에서 TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS 복합막의 수소투과압력의 최저값은 TiCo0.55Fe0.45에서 2.5 atm을 나타내었고, 최대값은 TiCo0.90Fe0.10에서 10 atm을 나타내었다. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~.00)-SS 복합막에 의하여 120°C에서 H2-N2 혼합기체를 분리하는 경우, 가장 우수한 복합막은 고압부의 수소투과압력이 2.5 atm으로 가장 낮고, hysteresis가 가장 작은 TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS 복합막이었다. We have studied on the preparation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy, the characteristics of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloy by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), pressure composition temperature (PCT) curve, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the H2-N2 gas mixture separation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)- stainless steel (SS) composite membranes. The formation of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys with cubic crystal same as TiCo was confirmed by X-ray diffractometer. TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys showed the hysteresis at 120°C. As the Fe content of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00) system alloys increased, the hysteresis was increased both range x=0.90~1.00 and x=0.55~0.60, and the range x=0.55~0.90 gave decreased hysteresis. TiCo0.55Fe0.45 alloy was the one showed the lowest hysteresis among them. The lowest value of hydrogen permeation pressure of TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membrane was TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS composite membrane with the value of 2.5 atm at 120°C; otherwise, TiCo0.90Fe0.10-SS composite had the highest pressure value among the membranes with the value of 10 atm. TiCo0.55Fe0.45-SS composite membrane was the best to separate the H2-N2 gas mixture excellently among the TiCoxFe1-x(x=0.50~1.00)-SS composite membranes since TiCo0.55Fe0.45 had the least hysteresis, and hydrogen permeation pressure was the lowest with value of 2.5 atm.

Genetic algorithm-based hysteresis modeling and identification of rotary SMA actuators

Van Phu Do,NGUYEN PHI LUAN,이병령 대한기계학회 2014 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.28 No.3

This paper describes a new, modified generalized Preisach model for actuators that have severe dead-zone hysteresis, which is mainlyobserved in rotary SMA actuators. Along with the Preisach model, a new approach of hysteresis modeling and parameter identificationusing genetic algorithm was proposed. This modeling method achieved significant improvements in both accuracy and computation time. The proposed approach is general; therefore, it can be applied to identify any type of hysteresis. To demonstrate the efficiency of theproposed model, experimental results on hysteresis identification of Rotary SMA Actuator and performance of inverse hysteresis openloopcontroller are provided and compared.

Repetitive prestretching decreases hysteresis and abrupt force drops during the initial unloading phase of orthodontic elastomeric chains

( Jae-chan Jung ),( Sung-hoon Lim ),( Seo-rin Jeong ) 조선대학교 치의학연구원 2022 Oral Biology Research (Oral Biol Res) Vol.46 No.2

This study evaluated the effect of repetitive prestretching on hysteresis and abrupt force drops during the initial unloading phase (1-mm-unloading/peak force ratio) of elastomeric chains. Thirty samples of closed-type elastomeric chains were tested for each group of generation II power chain, energy chain, and memory chain. Elastomeric chains were elongated to a 100% extension from their original length of 12.5 mm and unloaded. Forces during the five loading and unloading cycles were determined. The memory chain showed significantly lower hysteresis than the generation II power chain and energy chain. Both loading and unloading forces were decreased significantly with repetitive prestretching. However, unloading forces decreased less than the loading force, thereby reducing the hysteresis. All three products showed the greatest hysteresis in the first cycle, which decreased significantly following repeated prestretching. The 1-mm-unload/peak ratio increased significantly until the 4th cycle, the cycle after triple prestretching. Conclusively, repetitive prestretching of elastomeric chains further decreased hysteresis and abrupt force drop during the initial 1-mm unloading, up to triple prestretching.

헤비안 튜닝 신경회로망을 이용한 시스템의 히스테리시스 보상

장준오 국제차세대융합기술학회 2022 차세대융합기술학회논문지 Vol.6 No.7

Piezoelectric actuators or plasma power input systems significantly degrade performance due to hysteresis.A hysteresis compensator is designed for systems using neural networks(NN). The compensator uses the back stepping technique with NN for inverting the hysteresis nonlinearity in the feedforward path. The scheme provides a general procedure for using NN to determine the dynamic pre-inverse of an invertible dynamical system. A Hebbian tuning algorithm is presented for the NN hysteresis compensator which yields a stable closed-loop system. Using this method yields a relatively simple adaptation structure and offers computational advantages over gradient descent algorithms. Nonlinear stability proofs are given to reveal that the tracking error is small. The NN hysteresis compensator is simulated on a  -table system to show its efficacy. This work is applicable to  table-like precision control systems and also shows neural network stability proofs. Moreover, the NN hysteresis compensation can be further extended and applied to dead zone, backlash, and another actuator nonlinearity compensation. 압전 구동기나 플라즈마 전력 입력 시스템 등은 히스테리시스에 의해 성능이 상당히 저하된다. 이를 위 해 신경망회로망( NN) 을 이용하여 시스템의 히스테리시스 보상기를 설계한다. 보상기는 백스테핑 기술과 피드포워 드 경로에서 히스테리시스 비선형성을 상쇄시키기 위해 헤비안 튜닝 NN을 사용한다. 이 방법은 NN을 사용하여 동적 시스템의 동적 전역을 결정하는 일반적인 절차를 제공한다. 안정적인 폐루프 시스템을 구성하는 NN 히스테 리시스 보상기에 대한 학습 알고리즘을 제시한다. 비선형 안정성 증명에 의해 추적 오차는 적게 유계된다. NN 히 스테리시스 보상기의 우수한 성능을 입증하기 위하여  테이블 시스템에 모의실험한다. 본 연구는  테이블, 유압 시스템과 같은 정밀제어 시스템에 적용할 수 있고 신경망 안정도까지 보인다. 더욱이 히스테리시스 보상은 기존의 데드존, 백래쉬 및 기타 구동기 비선형 보상에 더욱 확장하여 적용할 수 있다.

Direct observation of the hysteretic Fermi level modulation in monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors

Yuhang Wang,Dongyong Li,Xubo Lai,Boyang Liu,Yibao Chen,Fengping Wang,Rongming Wang,Liuwan Zhang 한국물리학회 2020 Current Applied Physics Vol.20 No.2

The hysteresis in the transfer curve of MoS2 has significant impact on the device performance. However, the hysteresis mechanism is still not clear. Here, we investigate the hysteresis of the monolayer MoS2 by probing the local Fermi level variations as a function of the back gate voltage in different atmosphere using the Kelvin probe microscopy. While the Fermi level of the MoS2 in air is much lower than that in vacuum, both the MoS2 devices in vacuum and air show large Fermi level hysteresis. The Fermi level hysteresis direction is clock-wise, identical to that observed in the transfer curves. Both the hysteresis in Fermi level and transfer curve can be explained consistently by taking into account the charge trapping. Our findings confirm that carrier density modulation in MoS2 plays a vital role in the hysteresis, and provide insight into the hysteresis mechanism for the optimization of the device performance.

Dual-Amplifier Driving in Sequence Method with Switches for Piezoelectric Stack Actuators to Reduce Hysteresis

Liansheng Zhang,Shuang Hao,Pengcheng Zhang,Qiangxian Huang,Rongjun Cheng,Ruijun Li,Ping Wang 한국정밀공학회 2023 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.24 No.12

Piezoelectric actuators have been widely applied to precision positioning platforms. However, the positioning accuracy of piezoelectric ceramic has been significantly affected by its characteristics of hysteresis. Owing to the voltage-keeping feature of capacitive load for piezoelectric ceramic, this paper has proposed a switch-based driving in sequence method, which alternately drives each layer of PZT by using switches. Based on the driving in sequence method, the proposed method is capable of reducing the hysteresis to 1/N of the hysteresis under traditional voltage driving method, while significantly lowering the scale and cost of hardware, compared with the previous driving in sequence method. Thus, it allows for application to hundreds of layers of piezoelectric ceramic. According to experiment results, the hysteresis under different frequencies from 0.1 to 500 Hz for homemade seven-layer piezoelectric ceramic can be reduced from 12.5 to 2.1%. Furtherly, the residual hysteresis can be corrected by applying a simple quadratic-polynomial feedforward control, and the hysteresis is constrained within 0.8%, even with feedforward parameters that are not strictly calibrated. The dual-amplifier driving in sequence method proposed in this paper can significantly reduce the hysteresis in open-loop control of piezoelectric stack actuators, effectively improving the positioning and driving performance and saving cost.