Zwicker 파라미터를 이용한 건축설비 소음의 음질평가

윤영은,진유종,김재수 한국기계기술학회 2021 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Building Equipment field is getting important recently which satisfies the requirement for pleasant living environment. But, the noise generated in the machinery room often violates the pleasant living environment of residents in complicated form of airborne noise and soild sound, its seriousness is increasing so that damage of noise can take large percentage of environmental complaints. So, soundproofing and insulation of sound which can minimize such noise and effective countermeasure in case of civil appeal are required, but research materials regarding building equipment are definitely insufficient domestically. In this respect, this study used Zwicker parameter which is applied by psychological and acoustic reactions according to sound quality, analyzed sound quality of 32 kinds of building equipment used in machine room, and analyzed correlation between dB(A) and PSIL which are items of Zwicker parameter and noise valuation based on that. As the results, if valuates altogether loudness and unbiased annoyance which have high correlation with other existing suggested valuating methods, it is considered that it can be utilized as basic data for more reasonable and accurate grasping characteristics of noise from building equipment and for building effective countermeasure in case of civil appeal.

Zwicker 파라미터를 이용한 건설소음의 음질 분석

장희라(Hee La Jang),정민현(Min Hyun Jeong),김재수(Jae Soo Kim) 대한설비공학회 2018 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.6

Despite the recently increasing demand for the pleasant residential environment, noises in each construction field constantly cause serious conflicts and complaints. Although it is urgent to evaluate and regulate construction noises, they have been evaluated by SPLdB(A), which is a weighted sound level, on the basis of sensory loudness of the sound itself. However, evaluating construction noises by the physical loudness of the sound alone fails to reflect acoustic psychological characteristics and meanings of human beings in terms of the sound quality. From this perspective, this study aimed to use six Zwicker parameters to analyze and evaluate the sound quality of construction noises. These data are expected to be useful to determine the correlation between physical acoustic performance and the psychological subjective volume in evaluating construction noises.

Padé 근사법을 이용한 Zwicker 라우드니스의 계산과 음향 위상 최적화

국정환(Junghwan Kook),Jakob S. Jensen,왕세명(Semyung Wang) 대한기계학회 2011 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2011 No.10

The calculation of Zwicker’s loudness which is needed for multiple frequency response with a fine frequency resolution using the finite element (FE) procedure usually requires significant computation time since a numerical solution must be obtained for each considered frequency. Furthermore, if the analysis is the basis for an iterative optimization procedure this approach imposes high computational cost. In this work, we present an efficient approach for obtaining Zwicker’s loudness via the Pade approximants and applying in an acoustical topology optimization procedure. The paper is focused on an efficient and accurate calculation of Zwickers loudness, design sensitivity analysis, and the acoustical topology optimization method by using Pade approximants. The paper compares the efficient algorithm to results obtained by a standard FEM. Comparison are made both in terms of accuracy and in terms of CPU-times needed for the calculation.

Padé 근사법을 이용한 Zwicker 라우드니스의 계산과 최적화

국정환(Junghwan Kook),Jakob S. Jensen,왕세명(Semyung Wang) 한국소음진동공학회 2011 한국소음진동공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

The calculation of Zwicker’s loudness which is needed for multiple frequency response with a fine frequency resolution using the finite element (FE) procedure usually requires significant computation time since a numerical solution must be obtained for each considered frequency. Furthermore, if the analysis is the basis for an iterative optimization procedure this approach imposes high computational cost. In this work, we present an efficient approach for obtaining Zwicker’s loudness via the Pade approximants and applying in an acoustical topology optimization procedure. The paper is focused on an efficient and accurate calculation of Zwickers loudness, design sensitivity analysis, and the acoustical topology optimization method by using Pade approximants. The paper compares the efficient algorithm to results obtained by a standard FEM. Comparison are made both in terms of accuracy and in terms of CPU-times needed for the calculation.

MRI 작동소음과 Zwicker의 음질과 청감반응과의 상관성

장희라(Hee La Jang),김재수(Jae Soo Kim) 대한설비공학회 2019 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2019 No.11

MRI는 자기장을 이용해 인체 내부에서 발생하는 신호를 분석해 디지털 정보로 변환하는 기기로써 진단시 자기장영역을 둘러싼 코일이 움직이는 과정에서 지속적으로 소음이 발생하여 환자들에게 물리적·심리적으로 불안감을 주어 검사의 정확도도 떨어질 수 있다. 따라서 선행연구에서는 MRI 작동소음에 대한 체계적인 대책을 수립하기 위해 다양한 물리적 평가지수들을 통해 MRI 작동소음을 평가하였으며, Zwicker 파라미터를 통해 MRI 작동소음의 음질을 평가하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 MRI 작동소음 평가에 사용된 다양한 물리적 평가지수들과 Zwicker 파라미터간의 상관관계를 분석하고자 하였으며 이를 토대로 청감반응의 결과와 비교하여 제안된 MRI 작동소음의 역치값에 따른 음질의 변화를 파악하고자 하였다. 이러한 자료는 향후 MRI 작동소음에 대한 소음저감 대책시 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

스포츠웨어용 투습발수직물 소리가 심리음향학적 특성에 미치는 영향

이지현 ( Jee Hyun Lee ),이규린 ( Kyu Lin Lee ),진은정 ( Eun Jung Jin ),양윤정 ( Yoon Jung Yang ),조길수 ( Gil Soo Cho ) 한국감성과학회 2012 감성과학 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구에서는 심한 소음으로 불쾌감을 주는 스포츠웨어용 PTFE 라미네이팅 투습발수 직물 8종을 대상으로 직물 마찰음의 심리음향학적 특성을 고찰하고, 심리음향학적 특성에 영향을 미치는 직물의 기본 특성과 역학적 특성 간의 관계를 파악함으로써, 직물의 심리음향학적 마찰음을 낮출 수 있는 변인을 찾아내고자 하였다. 직물 마찰음 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 녹음한 직물의 소리에서 Zwicker의 파라미터인 심리음향학적 크기(loudness(Z)), 날카로움(sharpness(Z)), 거칠기(roughness(Z)), 그리고 변동강도(fluctuation strength(Z))를 계산한 뒤, 소리특성에 대한 사후검정 결과에 따라 시료를 덜 시끄러운 PTFE 필름 그룹과 더 시끄러운 PTFE 필름 그룹으로 나누어 마찰음의 심리음향학적 특성과 직물의 역학적 특성, 기본특성간의 관계를 고찰하였다. 심리음향학적 특성 중 loudness(Z)만이 시료의 마찰음과 유의한 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 분석 결과 직물의 기본 특성에서는 layer가 얇고 필라멘트사를 사용한 직물의 마찰음이 덜 시끄럽게 인지되는 것으로 나타났으며, 직물 마찰음의 심리음향학적 크기에 영향을 미치는 주요변수로는 layer로 것으로 나타났다. 심리음향학적 크기에 영향을 미치는 주요 역학변수로는 전단이력이 설명 변인으로 포함되었다. The objectives of this study were to investigate the psychoacoustic properties of PTFE(Poly tetra Fluoroethylene) laminated vapor permeable water repellent fabrics which are frequently used for sportswear, to examine the relationship among fabrics`` basic characteristics, mechanical properties and the psychoacoustic properties, and finally to propose the predicting model to minimize the psychoacoustic fabric sound. A total of 8 specimens`` frictional sound were recorded and Zwicker`s psychoacoustic parameters such as loudness(Z), sharpness(Z), roughness(Z), and fluctuation strength(Z) were calculated using the Sound Quality Program. Mechanical properties of specimens were measured by KES-FB system. Loudness (Z) of specimen D-1 was the highest, which means the rustling sound of the specimen D-1 was the most noisy, Statistically significant difference among film type was observed only in loudness (Z) for fabric sound, Based on ANOVA and post-hoc test, specimens were classified into less loud PTFE film group (groupⅠ) and loud PTFE film group (groupⅡ). Loudness (Z) was higher when staple yarn was used compared when filament yarn was used. According to the correlation between the mechanical properties of fabrics and loudness(Z) in groupⅠ, the shear properties, compression properties and weight showed positive correlation with loudness(Z). According to the regression equation predicting loudness(Z) of groupⅠ, the layer variable was chosen. In groupⅡ, variables explaining the loudness(Z) were yarn types and shear hysteresis(2HG5).

소리특성과 생리적 반응을 이용한 편성물의 소리디자인 시스템(I) -위편성물의 소리특성과 역학적 특성-

조길수,김춘정,Cho, Gil-Soo,Kim, Chung-Jeong 한국섬유공학회 2006 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.43 No.5

This research aimed to analyze the mechanical properties and sound characteristics of weft knitted fabrics for establishing database of sound design system for knitted fabrics. The specimens consisted of 27 weft knitted fabrics. Mechanical properties of the knitted fabrics were measured with Kawabata evaluation system (KES). The frictional sounds of specimens were recorded by a sound generator and transformed into sound spectrum by FFT. The level pressure of total sound (LPT), level range ($\Delta$f), and frequency difference ($\Delta$f) were calculated from the sound spectra obtained in the FFT analysis. Zwicker's psychoacoustic parameters such as loudness(Z), sharpness(Z), roughness(Z), and fluctuation strength(Z) were calculated. The weft knitted fabrics have similar values of roughness(Z) and fluctuation strength(Z). Polyester fabrics with low elongation at maximum load (EM) and high coefficient of friction(MIU) showed the loudest and the sharpest frictional sound. The lyocell fabrics with low bending properties (B, 2HB) and thickness showed the most quiet and softest frictional sounds. Bending properties, surface properties, thickness and weight in weft knitted fabrics showed high relationship with the physical and psychoacoustic properties of frictional sound.

Application of the Real Fabric Frictional Speeds to the Fabric Sound Analysis using Water Repellent Fabrics

Yang, Yoon-Jung,Kim, Chun-Jeong,Park, Jang-Woon,You, Hee-Cheon,Cho, Gil-Soo 한국섬유공학회 2009 Fibers and polymers Vol.10 No.4

This study aims to determine fabric frictional speeds between the arm and the trunk when people walk (1.3 m/s), jog (2.5 m/s) and run (4.5 m/s), and to apply the measured speeds to setting a sound generator for each motion to obtain fabric rustling sounds. By analyzing body motions captured by the Falcon motion analysis system and a camcorder, it was identified that the friction between the arm and trunk occurred within $10^{\circ}$ of shoulder angle along the center line of the trunk in the sagittal plane and the maximum frictional speed occurred at the elbow within the shoulder friction range. The averages (SDs) of maximum frictional speed at the elbow were found 0.63 m/s (0.17) at walking, 1.1 m/s (0.25) at jogging, and 1.98 m/s (0.35) at running. The frictional sounds of three coated nylon fabrics were obtained using these predetermined speeds. We calculated sound characteristics such as the sound pressure levels (SPL) and Zwicker's psychoacoustic parameter using 1/3 octave band analysis. The SPL values ranged from 74.2 dB at running to 79.0 dB at jogging, which was about the same noise level as in the busy street. The values of loudness (Z) at walking and jogging were higher than that at running, but the fluctuation strength (Z) increased in the order of walking, jogging, and running.

Zwicker 파라미터를 이용한 건설소음의 음질평가

장희라,김재수 한국기계기술학회 2019 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Of the daily noises, construction noises cause serious conflicts between a construction firm and residents due to their high sound pressure level and shocking, repetitive sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. However, since construction noises are characterized by very diverse spectra and waveforms, it has been indicated that they cannot be reflected only by physical loudness: SPLdB(A). In addition, the need to reflect acoustic psychological characteristics and meanings of human beings in evaluating construction noises has recently been indicated. This study aimed to use six Zwicker parameters to determine the sound quality and acoustic psychological characteristics of construction noises and analyze the correlation between physical indexes of construction noises, as found in literature review, and the Zwicker parameters. Loudness of construction noises were closely correlated with SPLdB(A); shocking noises were perceived as ‘loud, sharp, and annoying’ sound. The Zwicker parameters were most strongly correlated with loudness, followed by unbiased annoyance and sharpness, among the evaluation indexes; as for correlation with construction noises, ‘normal noises’ were closely correlated with loudness, ‘shocking noises’ were closely correlated with loudness, unbiased annoyance, and sharpness, and ‘fluctuating noises’ were closely correlated with loudness. Therefore, if loudness, unbiased annoyance, and sharpness were taken into account in terms of the sound quality in evaluating construction noises, it is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating the noises.

Zwicker 파라미터를 이용한 고소음 작업장 소음에 대한 음질평가

김재수 ( Jae-soo Kim ) 한국환경기술학회 2017 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.18 No.3

현재 작업장에서 사용하고 있는 작업기계의 경우 매우 강한 고소음을 발생시켜 그 피해가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 따라서 고소음 작업장에서 이러한 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 다양한 측정자료가 필요하며 이를 토대로 체계적인 방음대책을 강구해야 한다. 그러나 국내의 경우 작업기계 소음에 관한 연구 자료가 절대적으로 부족할 뿐만 아니라 소음평가 시 청감보정음압레벨인 dB(A)로만 소음을 평가하고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 인간의 심리 반응과 관련된 Zwicker 파라미터를 이용하여 고소음을 발생시키는 31가지 작업기계의 음질(Sound Quality)을 Loudness, Sharpness, Fluctuation Strength, Unbiased Annoyance, Tonality, Roughness등으로 분석하였다. 이후 6가지 Zwicker 파라미터의 항목과 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 소음평가 파라미터인 dB(A), PSIL, NR 등과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구결과 작업기계 소음은 대부분 인간의 심리에 “크고, 날카롭고, 불쾌감을 주는 소리”로 인지되고 있으며 소음이 커질수록 곤혹도는 점차 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기존에 사용되고 있는 소음에 대한 평가방법들과 상관성이 높은 Loudness와 Unbiased Annoyance를 함께 사용하여 평가한다면 보다 더 합리적이고 정확한 작업기계 소음의 특성을 파악 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The machines currently used at workshops generate very high levels of noises, causing serious harm to operators. To reduce harmful noise at workshops, various measurement data are required, on which basis it is necessary to take systematic measures for soundproofing. However, detailed data on machinery noises characteristics are lacking in the Republic of Korea where A-weighted sound level, dB(A) is almost exclusively used. To remedy this situation, the present study used Zwicker parameters related to human beings` psychological responses to analyze the sound quality of 31 machines generating high noises in terms of loudness, sharpness, fluctuation strength, unbiased annoyance, tonality, roughness, and so on. The correlation between six Zwicker parameters and noise assessment parameters in general use today, such as dB(A), PSIL, and NR, was analyzed. A working machinery noise was mostly perceived as a "loudness, sharpness, and annoyance sound" in human psychology; a louder noise led to a gradual increase in the perplexity. The addition of loudness and unbiased annoyance, both of which are highly correlated with the existing noise assessment parameters, is expected to help characterize the machinery noise more rationally and accurately.