Quantitative Evaluation of Criticality According to the Major Influence of Applied with Burnup Credit on Dual-purpose Metal Cask

Ho-seog Dho,Tae-man Kim,Chun-Hyung Cho 한국방사성폐기물학회 2015 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.13 No.2

경수로 사용후핵연료 수송/저장용기의 핵임계 해석은 사용후핵연료내의 악티나이드핵종 및 핵분열생성물 함유량에 대한 불확실성을 이유로 신연료로 가정된 가상의 연료를 선정하여 평가해오고 있다. 그러나 이러 한 평가방법은 용기 설계 시 과도한 임계여유도를 유도하여 경제적 손실을 유발할 수 있는 단점이있다. 이 와 같은 단점을 극복하기 위하여 최근 연소도이득효과(burnup credit, BUC)를 반영한 수송저장용기의 설계 및 상용화를 위한 연구가 추진되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국원자력환경공단에서 개발중인 금속겸용용기 를 대상으로 연소도 이득효과적용 시 핵임계 안전성(criticality safety)에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되는 ‘노심 운전인자’, ‘축방향 연소도 분포’, ‘오장전 사고상황’에 대하여 핵임계 평가를 수행하였다. 그 결과 노심운전 인자 중 저농축, 고연소도일 때 비출력에 따른 핵임계 변화가 크게 평가되었으며, 고연소도 사용후핵연료에 서 End effect가 양의 값을 나타내었다. 특히 오장전에 의한 유효증배계수는 최대 0.18467증가하였으므로, 연소도이득효과를 적용할 경우 필수고려사항임을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 국내모델(금속겸용용기)의 연 소도 이득효과 적용기술 개발 및 사용후핵연료 장전 시 일어날 수 있는 오장전 사고를 방지하기 위한 운영 절차 개발에 참고자료로 활용될 수 있다. In general, conventional criticality analysis for spent fuel transport/storage systems have been performed based on the assumption of fresh fuel concerning the potential uncertainties from number density calculations of actinide nuclides and fission products in spent fuel. However, these evaluation methods cause financial losses due to an excessive criticality margin. In order to overcome this disadvantage, many studies have recently been conducted to design and commercialize a transportation and storage cask applied to the Burnup Credit (BUC). This study conducted an assessment to ensure criticality safety for reactor operating parameters, axial burn-up profiles and misload accident conditions, which are the factors that are likely to affect criticality safety when the BUC is applied to the dual-purpose cask under development at the KOrea RADioactive waste agency (KORAD). As a result, it was found that criticality resulting from specific power, changed substantially and relied on conditions of low enrichment and high burn-up. Considering the end effect in the case of high burn-up produced a positive-definite result. In particular, the increment of maximum effective multiplication factors due to misloading was 0.18467, confirming that misload is a factor that must be taken into account when applying the BUC. The results of this study may therefore be utilized as references in developing technologies to apply the BUC to domestic models and operational procedures or preventing any misload accidents during the process of spent fuel loading.

Thrust Performance Improvement of a Linear Induction Motor

Hyung-Woo Lee,Chan-Bae Park,Byung-Song Lee 대한전기학회 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.1

The end effect of a linear induction motor (LIM) has been known for several decades, especially in high speed operation. The exit part of the primary is not dealt as extensively as the entry part because of its minor effect. However, the exit part is one of the keys to weaken the dolphin effect, which occurs in high speed operation. In this paper, the concept of the virtual primary core is introduced, and chamfering of the primary outlet teeth is proposed to minimize the longitudinal end effect at the exit zone. For this, LIM for the high-speed train is designed and analyzed by using finite element method. Results confirm that chamfering can improve thrust performance effectively.

End-Effect Compensation in Linear Induction Motor Drives

Mohammad Reza Satvati,Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh 전력전자학회 2011 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.11 No.5

In this paper a control system with a high performance dynamic response for linear induction motors (LIMs) is proposed which takes into account the end-effect in both the machine model and the control system. Primary flux oriented control has two major drawbacks i.e. a lack of decoupling of the thrust and the flux and a possibility of system instability due to the end-effect. Both of these drawbacks have been dealt with in this paper. A flux estimation method is proposed to correct the flux orientation error caused by the end effect. Extensive motor performance evaluations under the proposed control system prove its superiority over conventional vector control.

연결어미 ‘-다가’의 한국어 교육 내용 연구

이회환(Lee Hoe hwan) 우리말교육현장학회 2018 우리말교육현장연구 Vol.12 No.1

이 글은 연결어미 ‘-다가’가 한국어 학습자에게 어떻게 교육되어야 하는지를 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. ‘-다가’는 [전환], [중단], [인과], [병렬], [조건] 등의 의미 관계로 선·후행절을 연결하지만 그 기본 의미는 [전환]이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 한국어 교육 문법에서도 [전환]의 ‘-다가’만을 문법 항목으로 제시하고 있다. 하지만 실제 언어생활에서 많이 사용되는 [인과]의 ‘-다가’ 또한 문법 항목으로 제시할 필요가 있다. ‘-다가’가 [병렬], [조건]의 의미를 지닐 때에는 ‘-다가 -다가 (하다)’나 ‘-다가는’ 등과 같이 ‘-다가’가 결합된 복합형으로 나타나기 때문에 ‘-다가’ 단일형의 의미 기능으로 이들을 언급할 필요는 없다. 하지만 ‘-다가’ 단일형은 [전환]과 함께 [인과]의 의미 기능도 가진다. 다만 [인과]의 ‘-다가’는 [전환]의 ‘-다가’에서 그 의미가 확대되었으므로 이들은 공통적인 문법 특성도 지니지만 차이점도 갖는다. 따라서 이 글에서는 한국어 교육 내용으로 구분해서 가르쳐야 할 [전환]과 [인과]의 ‘-다가’에 대한 공통 특성과 개별 특성을 살펴보고, 이 문법적 특성을 바탕으로 실제 수업에서 활용할 수 있는 ‘-다가’의 학습 지도안의 예를 제시할 것이다. The purpose of this writing is to look into how the connective ending-daga (while ~ing) should be taught in the Korean language education grammar, and to find an effective teaching method of ‘-daga.’ Actually, the etymology, and semantic/syntactic characteristics of the connective ending ‘~daga’ have been researched much at a level of Korean linguistics. ‘~Daga’ has a semantic function like [conversion], [interruption], [cause and effect], [parallelism], and [condition], etc. but its representative meaning has been perceived as [conversion] signifying the change of an action, or a state in an antecedent clause into an action, or a state of its following clause. Hereupon, most of the Korean linguistics textbooks presents only ‘~daga’ of conversion as a grammar item. However, it’s also necessary to present ‘~daga’ of [cause and effect] as a grammar item. Nevertheless, when ‘~daga’ has a sematic function of [parallelism], and [condition], it appears as a combined form of ‘~daga’ like ‘~daga’, ‘~daga’ and ‘daganeun’, etc., and therefore, there is no need to refer to them as a semantic function of ‘~daga’. However, in the case of a single form of ‘~daga’, it has also the semantic function of [cause and effect] besides [conversion], and that’s why it’s imperative that ‘~daga’ of [cause and effect] should be taught by separating it from ‘~daga’ of [conversion]. In addition, even ‘~daga’ having a meaning of [cause and effect] is somewhat high in its frequent count in everyday language, and exposes grammatical characteristics differing from ‘~daga’ of [conversion] from many syntactic aspects. Accordingly, this writing looked into grammatical characteristics which should be taught differently depending on the semantic function of [conversion] and [cause and effect], on the basis of which, this writing presented a teaching model for instructing ‘~daga’ item of [conversion], and ‘~daga’ item of [cause and effect].

Health Economic Approach to End-of-Life Care in the US : Based on Medicare

Ryan Suk 대한의료법학회 2014 의료법학 Vol.15 No.1

한 자료에 의하면 2011년 미국의 의료비 지출 총액은 국내총생산의 약 18 퍼센트에 달하였으며, 그 비율은 다른 대다수 선진국의 두 배에 해당하는 것이었다. 그중 메디케어 비용은 전체 의료비의 21 퍼센트인 5540억 달러 였는 데, 환자의 최후 6 개월에 들어간 의료비는 그 5540억 달러의 28 퍼센트 (전체 의료비의 5.9 퍼센트)인 1700억 달 러에 달하였다. 이러한 말기의료의 고비용성은 어떤 사유에 기인하며, 그 해소 방안은 무엇인가. 지난 수십 년 간의 의료경제학적 연구는 말기의료가 일반적으로 공급민감성을 지니며 비용대비 효율성이 매우 낮다는 결론에 도달하였다. 의료서 비스 공급의 양은 질병의 정도나 환자의 선호도와는 무관하고, 그보다는 의료서비스 공급자원에 민감하게 반응한 다는 것이다. 이는 말기의료에서는 의료자원이 과용된다는 것을 의미한다. 한편 더 많은 의료처치에 더 나은 효용이라는 일반적인 추론과는 반대로, 많은 의료처치의 결과는 오히려 매우 부정적인 것이었다. 실제 환자들의 선호와 관심사는 격렬한 말기의료가 기도하는 것과는 아주 달랐던 것이다. 이 논문은 먼저 말기의료에서의 공급민감성의 원인을 분석한다. 그 원인으로는 격렬한 치료와 그 효용성에 대한 일반적인 오해, 의사들의 환자에 대한 직업적인 사명의식, 환자 자신의 말기의료 의향결정의 부재, 의사들의 법적 책임에 대한 우려, 의료기관의 경영차원에서의 관리전략 등을 들 수 있다. 다음으로, 논문에서는 말기의료의 공급민감성에서 연유하는 과잉진료에 대한 현실적 해결책을 제시한다. 그 해결 책은 두 가지 측면으로 나누어서 들 수 있는데, 하나는 사전의료의향서 제도의 활성화 방안이고, 다른 하나는 의 료기관 경영관리전략적 관점에서의 방안이다. 우선 사전의료의향서의 활용도를 제고하기 위해서 다음과 같은 구체적 노력이 필요하다. 즉 의사들의 말기의료에 대한 태도를 바꾸도록 하는 새로운 의료윤리 교육 실시, 의사와 환자 간 말기의료에 대한 소통 기회의 강화, 환자 와 말기의료에 대한 대화를 적극적으로 실천하는 의사에 대한 보상제도 도입, 일반 공공에 대한 관련 교육 확대, 온라인 등록시스템과 같은 용이하고도 공식적인 사전의료의향서 등록체제의 구축 확대 등이 필요하다. 경영관리적 측면에서는 대체 전략이 필요하다. 예컨대 불필요한 비용을 절감하고 의료공급자로서의 가치를 재정 립하는 등의 새로운 재무전략과 경영교육계획 등이 고려되어야 할 것이다. 효과적으로 말기의료의 경제적 문제점을 해소하고 환자에게 더 나은 의료경험을 제공하기 위해서는 의료·환자·국 가 등 모든 부문에서 관행과 오해에서 비롯된 신조가 시급히 수정되어야 하고, 그 기초 위에서 제도와 문화가 개 선되어야 하는 것이다. According to one Medicare report, in the US, total federal spending on health care expends almost 18 percent of the nation's GDP, about double what most industrialized nations spend on health care. And in 2011, Medicare spending reached close to $554 billion, which amounted to 21 percent of the total spent on U.S. health care in that year. Of that $554 billion, Medicare spent 28 percent, or about $170 billion, on patients' last six months of life. So what are the reasons of this high cost in EOL care and its possible solutions?Much spendings of Medicare on End-of-Life care for the terminally ill/chronically ill in the US has led health economics experts to assess the characteristics of the care. Decades of study shows that EOL care is usually supply-sensitive and poor in cost-effectiveness. The volume of care is sensitively depending on the supply of resources, rather than the severity of illness or preferences of patients. This means at the End-of-Life care, the medical resources are being overused. On the other hand, opposed to the common assumption, The more care the better utility, the study shows that the outcome is very poor. Actually the patient preference and concerns are quite the opposite from what intense EOL care would bring about. This study analyzes the reasons for the supply-sensitiveness of EOL care. It can be resulted from the common misconception about the intense care and the outcome, physicians' mission for patients, lack of End-of-Life Care Decision which helps the patients choose their own preferred treatment intensity. It also could be resulted from physicians' fear of legal liabilities, and the management strategy since the hospitals are also seeking for financial benefits. This study suggests the possible solutions for over-treatment at the End-of-Life resulting from supply-sensitiveness. Solutions can be sought in two aspects, legal implementation and management strategy. In order to implement advance directive properly, active ethics education for physicians to change their attitude toward EOL care and more conversations about end-of-life care between physicians and patients is crucial, and incentive system for the physicians who actively have the conversations with patients will also help. Also, the general education towards the public is also important in the long run, and easy and official advance directive registry system - such as online registry - has to be built and utilized more widely. Alternative strategies in management are also needed. For example, the new strategic cost management and management education, such as cutting unnecessary costs and resetting values as medical providers have to be considered. In order to effectively resolve the problem in EOL care for the terminally ill/chronically ill and provide better experience to the patients, first of all, the misconception and the wrong conventional wisdom among doctors, patients, and the government have to be overcome. And then there should be improvements in systems and cultures of the EOL care.

3D 단부효과가 영구자석 동기전동기의 스큐 착자각도에 따른 코깅토크 특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이성구 대한전기학회 2020 전기학회논문지 P Vol.69 No.4

The cogging torque of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an ring type permanent magnet (PM) can effectively reduce the cogging torque by skew magnetization of the PM. In previous studies on skew magnetization to reduce cogging torque use the assumption that the same cogging torque occurs at all points in the stack length direction. However, in this paper, it was found that the value of the cogging torque generated in the motor is different for each position in the stack length direction due to the 3D end effect. From this, it was revealed that the existing 2D FEA could not accurately calculate the cogging torque according to the skew magnetization angle. In order to accurately calculate the cogging torque according to the skew magnetization, a 3D FEA that can take into account the 3D end effect is essential. In this paper, the effect of the 3D end effect on the cogging torque characteristics according to the skew magnetization angle of the PM motor was analyzed through a comparison of 2D FEA and 3D FEA analysis.

Thrust Performance Improvement of a Linear Induction Motor

Lee, Hyung-Woo,Park, Chan-Bae,Lee, Byung-Song The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.1

The end effect of a linear induction motor (LIM) has been known for several decades, especially in high speed operation. The exit part of the primary is not dealt as extensively as the entry part because of its minor effect. However, the exit part is one of the keys to weaken the dolphin effect, which occurs in high speed operation. In this paper, the concept of the virtual primary core is introduced, and chamfering of the primary outlet teeth is proposed to minimize the longitudinal end effect at the exit zone. For this, LIM for the high-speed train is designed and analyzed by using finite element method. Results confirm that chamfering can improve thrust performance effectively.

End-Effect Compensation in Linear Induction Motor Drives

Satvati, Mohammad Reza,Vaez-Zade, Sadegh The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2011 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.11 No.5

In this paper a control system with a high performance dynamic response for linear induction motors (LIMs) is proposed which takes into account the end-effect in both the machine model and the control system. Primary flux oriented control has two major drawbacks i.e. a lack of decoupling of the thrust and the flux and a possibility of system instability due to the end-effect. Both of these drawbacks have been dealt with in this paper. A flux estimation method is proposed to correct the flux orientation error caused by the end effect. Extensive motor performance evaluations under the proposed control system prove its superiority over conventional vector control.

Thrust Performance Improvement of a Linear Induction Motor

이형우,박찬배,이병송 대한전기학회 2011 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.6 No.1

The end effect of a linear induction motor (LIM) has been known for several decades, especially in high speed operation. The exit part of the primary is not dealt as extensively as the entry part because of its minor effect. However, the exit part is one of the keys to weaken the dolphin effect,which occurs in high speed operation. In this paper, the concept of the virtual primary core is introduced,and chamfering of the primary outlet teeth is proposed to minimize the longitudinal end effect at the exit zone. For this, LIM for the high-speed train is designed and analyzed by using finite element method. Results confirm that chamfering can improve thrust performance effectively.

연말정산 환급 및 추가납부에 대한 근로소득자의 인식 전환이 가능한가? 프레이밍 효과(Framing effect)를 활용한 납세자의 연말정산 인식 연구

박용완(Yong Wan Park) 한국경영학회 2020 經營學硏究 Vol.49 No.4

The year-end settlement refers to the adjustment of the tax paid by the wage earner based on balancing withholding tax and the finalized tax amount through various tax benefits. Most wage earners are happy with the refunds and angry about the additional payments through year-end tax settlements. Although the wage earner only receives the principal without an interest cost when the government returns taxes collected excessively, they do not realize that they lose an interest cost and an opportunity cost. This study examined that the perception of wage earners could change depending on how to describe the year-end tax settlement. Framing effect is an cognitive bias that preference or attitude toward an option would vary depending on whether it is presented with positive or negative frame because of a tendency avoiding risk under gain domain but seeking risk under loss domain. Thus, this study try to shift the perceptual focus of wage earners from the principal to the interest cost and the opportunity cost using framing effect. Specifically, I expected that the attitude of wage earners toward year-end tax settlements would be more positive under the loan framing condition focusing on the interest cots and the oppurtunity cost than under the neutral condition, and the results of Experiment 1 supported this prediction. In Experiment 2, I examined whether the choice of wage earners for withholding tax ratio would be affected by the framing. Because most taxpayers prefer the tax refund to the additional payment, the government gave the wage earner the option for choosing withholding tax ratio (80%, 100%, 120%). If they want to receive tax turn after the year-end tex settlement, they would chose 120% as withholding tax ratio. If they want to pay the addition tax payment, they would choose 80%. Thus, I expected that the choice ratio of 120% withholding tax ratio would increase under the loan framing condition, compared to the neutral condition, but there was no significant effect. Based on what the study found, the implications were discussed.