Disintegration of excess activated sludge by hydrogen peroxide oxidation

Kim, Tak-Hyun,Lee, Sang-Ryul,Nam, Youn-Ku,Yang, Jeongmok,Park, Chulhwan,Lee, Myunjoo Elsevier 2009 Desalination Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>As the result of a conventional wastewater treatment such as activated sludge process, an excess sludge is produced and must be disposed of safely. Recently, increased attention has been given to a minimization of waste sludge in a wastewater treatment process. In this study, hydrogen peroxide oxidation was applied for an excess activated sludge reduction and an alkaline pretreatment method was used to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of sludge. Sludge particle disintegration by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was confirmed through the evaluations of total solid concentration and particle size distribution. The solubility (SCOD/TCOD) of sludge was increased, while the viscosity was decreased with hydrogen peroxide oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis. The settleability of sludge was improved. When alkaline hydrolysis was applied as a pretreatment for hydrogen peroxide oxidation, the sludge particle disintegration, viscosity decrease, and settleability improvement were accelerated. From the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that hydrogen peroxide oxidation combined with alkaline pretreatment was useful for an excess sludge reduction.</P>

Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide 전처리가 신갈나무의 탈구조화 및 효소당화에 미치는 영향

김종화(Jong-Hwa Kim),최준호(June-Ho Choi),조성민(Seong-Min Cho),김종찬(Jong-Chan Kim),이다송(Da-Song Lee),박상우(Sang-Woo Park),정한섭(Hanseob Jeong),최인규(In-Gyu Choi) 한국산림바이오에너지학회 2020 산림바이오에너지 Vol.30 No.1

본 연구에서는 alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) 전처리를 통해 신갈나무(Quercus mongolica)의 탈구조화를 수행하였으며 이후 효소 당화를 적용하여 당 수율을 평가하였다. 반응온도는 저온(상온, 50℃), 고온(150℃, 160℃, 170℃) 2구간으로 설정하였으며 저온 구간의 경우 반응시간을 24시간, 고온 구간의 경우 반응시간을 10분으로 설정하였다. 과산화수소 농도는 2, 4, 8%(w/w)으로 변화를 주었으며 NaOH를 투입하여 pH를 11.3으로 유지하였다. AHP 전처리 결과 고형 잔사 내 헤미셀룰로오스와 리그닌이 분해되어 그 함량이 감소하였으며 헤미셀룰로오스의 경우 올리고머, 다당류의 형태로 액상에 유리되었다. 전처리 조건이 가혹해질수록 헤미셀룰로오스와 리그닌의 분해정도가 증가하였으며 동시에 셀룰로오스의 분해도 증가하였다. AHP 전처리 액상 내에는 포름산, 아세트산과 같은 유기산이 주로 생성되었으며 반응조건이 가혹해질수록 생성되는 유기산의 함량이 증가하였다. 한편, 효소 당화를 통한 당 수율은 리그닌의 제거정도가 높을수록 증가하였으며 반응온도 150℃, 8% 과산화수소 농도 조건에서 최대 78%의 당 수율을 보였다. In this study, oak wood (Quercus mongolica) was treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) to observe the degree of it’s structural deconstruction and AHP-treated oak wood was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis to analyze glucose yield. AHP pretreatment was operated at several temperature conditions: room temperature(RT), 50, 150, 160, 170℃. Reaction time was set as followed; 24h for RT and 50℃; 10min for 150, 160, 170℃ and hydrogen peroxide concentration was 2, 4, 8%(w/w). The pH of the reaction solution was adjusted with aq. NaOH to ca. 11.3. After AHP pretreatment, contents of hemicellulose and lignin in solid residue were decreased. Degradation rate of hemiceelulose and lignin increased as reaction condition became severer. Organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid were released into liquid hydrolysate and contents of organic acids also increased with the reaction severity. Enzymatic hydrolysis of AHP-treated oak wood revealed that glucose yield increased as lignin was more destructed. Maximum glucose yield (78%) in this research was accomplished in 150℃ of reaction temperature and 8% of hydrogen peroxide concentration.

Kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) by-products treated with calcium oxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide as feed ingredient for Holstein steers

( A-Rang Son ),( Seon-Ho Kim ),( Raniel A. Valencia ),( Chang-dae Jeong ),( Mahfuzul Islam ),( Chul-Ju Yang ),( Sang-Suk Lee ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.4

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATED ASPEN AS A RUMINANT FEED

Myung, K.H.,Kennelly, J.J.,Chung, K.C.,Kim, Y.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1988 Animal Bioscience Vol.1 No.4

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of a diet containing 20% alkaline hydrogen peroxide(AHP) treated aspen sawdust for ruminants. In experiment 1, sheep fed treated aspen(treated) had higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain and improved feed/gain ratio compared to animals fed untreated aspen (untreated), Apparent NDF and ADF digestibilities of treated aspen were higher (p < 0.05) than for untreated material. A similar trend was observed for DM, organic matter and cellulose digestibilities coefficients. In experiment 2, the soluble and degradable DM and crude protein (CP) fractions tended to increase with AHP treatment. Treatment also increased (p<0.05) the degradation rate of the degradable fraction. Results of these experiment indicate that AHP treatment results in a substantial improvement in the extent of utilization of aspen sawdust by ruminants.

EFFECT OF ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PERACETIC ACID ON IN SACCO RUMINAL DIGESTIBILITY OF ASPEN SAWDUST

Myung, K.H.,Kennelly, J.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.4

The influence of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and peracetic acid treatment on in sacco digestion of aspen was evaluated in three non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows fed a diet containing 90% forage and 10% concentrate on a DM basis. AHP treatment decreased lignin concentration by 40 to 60% resulting in increased concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose. Lignin concentrations in peracetic acid treated samples were less than 10% of values for control samples. In sacco disappearance rates of aspen DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose increased (p<.05) with AHP and peracetic acid treatment. Effective degradability of DM, NDF, ADF and cellulose were determined at a ruminal outflow rate of $.05h^{-1}$. Effective degradabilities of AHP treated aspen were approximately three-fold greater and peracetic acid treated samples five-fold greater than untreated control samples. For all parameters measured, peracetic acid treatment resulted in higher (p<.05) digestion coefficients than AHP treated aspen. Results demonstrate that peracetic acid or AHP treatment can enhance the nutritive value of aspen sawdust for ruminants to a level comparable to that reported for many forages.

EFFECT OF ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT OF RICE STRAW ON IN SACCO RUMINAL DIGESTIBILITY

Myung, K.H.,Kennelly, J.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.1

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of pH-regulated alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment of rice straw with those of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and anhydrous ammonia ($NH_3$) treatments on in sacco digestivility. Three non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were fed a diet containing 90% forage and 10% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. The AHP treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced acid detergent lignin content of the straw, resulting in significant (p<0.05) increase of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose concentrations. Disappearance rates of DM and NDF of the straw significantly (p<0.05) increased at the incubation time of 24 h. On the other hand, those of ADF and cellulose were significantly (p<0.05) higher at the incubation time of 12 h than those of the others. The effective degradability of DM(EDDM), NDF(EDNDF), ADF(EDADF) and cellulose (EDCE) were determined using in sacco nylon bag technique on the basis of 0.05/h solid outflow rate. The greater differences (p<0.05) of EDDM, EDNDF, EDADF and EDCE were found between AHP treated straw and the others. In general, AHP treatment of the straw recorded higher digestion coefficients than untreated straw as well as NaOH and $NH_3$ treated straws. The results of this study demonstrate that AHP treatment can be used as a effective method for improving the nutritive value of rice straw for ruminants.

EFFECT OF ALKALINE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATMENT OF RICE STRAW ON IN SACCO RUMINAL DIGESTIBILITY

Myung, K.H.,Kennelly, J.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

Development of Metal Recovery Process from Alkaline Manganese Batteries in Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Shin, Shun-Myung,Kang, Jin-Gu,Yang, Dong-Hyo,Sohn, Jeong-Soo The Japan Institute of Metals 2007 MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS Vol.48 No.2

<P>A process for the recovery of Mn from a waste of spent alkaline batteries using sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. The proposed procedure consisted of mechanical separation of metal-containing particles and a leaching process. The effects of leaching agent, reaction temperature, time and pulp density for the leaching were also examined. Crushing and sieving of the spent batteries resulted in satisfactory separation of particle size from the waste. 99% Zn and 97% Mn were successfully extracted from the spent battery powder by the leaching at 60°C for 60 min with the addition of hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent. The hydrogen peroxide addition led to almost doubling Mn extraction compared to without it.</P>

Effect of Sodium Hydroxide plus Hydrogen Peroxide Treated Mustard (Brassica campestris) Straw Based Diets on Rumen Degradation Kinetics (In sacco), Fermentation Pattern and Nutrient Utilization in Sheep

Mishra, A.S.,Misra, A.K.,Tripathi, M.K.,Santra, A.,Prasad, R.,Jakhmola, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.3

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment (1% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 1 AHPMS, 2% NaOH+1.5% $H_2O_2$; 2AHPMS) on rate and extent of degradation of mustard straw (MS) in sacco in sheep, and its in vivo digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed to sheep with concentrate (200 g per sheep daily). The treatment of straw with 1 and 2% AHP increased its sodium content by 148 and 296% to that of untreated straw (UMS). There was significant decrease in NDF and hemicellulose contents of AHP treated straw and increase in cellulose and lignin contents. Phenolic acids like ferrulic, $\rho$-coumaric and o-coumaric significantly (p<0.001) reduced by AHP treatment of mustard straw. In first experiment the in sacco degradation of DM, OM and NDF was significantly (p<0.01) greater for 2 AHPMS than for UMS at all incubation periods. The disappearance of nutrient from 1 AHPMS and 2 AHPMS treated straws continue to increase up to 96 h whereas in UMS the peak disappearance was found at 48 h. By using the equation {(y=a+b) ($1-e^{-ct}$)} the degradation rates (c) for DM, OM, and NDF were significantly higher for UMS than AHP treated straws. Level of alkali (1 and 2%) had significant effect on degradation characteristics (a, b, c and $P_{0.05}$) of DM and NDF fraction of MS. However, the effect was not pronounced on OM fraction of MS. In feeding experiment, the intake of nutrients for DM, OM, cell wall constituents and energy was higher on 2 AHPMS, whereas no effect on the digestibility of these nutrients was observed. The apparent nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.05) both in 1 and 2 AHPMS groups. Water intake by animals was significantly increased due to AHP treated mustard straw feeding. Rumen liquor pH was higher in 2 AHPMS fed animals. The $NH_3-N$ of rumen liquor was not affected by feeding of AHP treated MS based diets. Total VFA concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in UMS fed group. The fractional out flow rate of DM was higher (p<0.05) in animals fed on 2 AHPMS diets compared to UMS and lAHPMS fed groups. The population of large holotrichs was higher (p<0.05) on AHP treated MS fed diets compared to UMS. The study indicated that treatment of mustard straw with AHP changed its chemical composition towards a better feed. The nutritive value of 2% AHP treated mustard straw was better in terms of dry matter intake and apparent nitrogen retention. The higher in sacco DM, OM and NDF disappearance however, was not confirmed by in vivo data in this study.

Pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse by alkaline hydrogen peroxide for enhancing ethanol production

Xudong Li,Weixing Cao,Chen Sun,Jiangping Qiu,Ronghou Liu,Le Zhang 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.3

Effects of severe and mild alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment on ethanol production from sweet sorghum bagasse via pre-simultaneous saccharification fermentation, and the chemical structure changes of the substrates were investigated. The results showed that the bagasse pretreated by severe AHP could produce more ethanol than that of mild AHP. The maximum ethanol concentration of the bagasses from mild and severe AHP pretreatment with 8% bagasse loading was 7.642±0.140 g/L and 19.330±0.085 g/L, respectively. Moreover, the FTIR and NMR analysis illustrated that the molecule and surface structures of the pretreated bagasse were significantly changed compared with the control. The potential biomass energy production of the effluent from the pretreatment was also briefly discussed for future utilization of waste solution.The heat energy potentials of waste solution with severe and mild AHP pretreatment were 367.2 kJ/Leffluent and 327.6 kJ/Leffluent, respectively.