网络环境下 ≪反不正当竞争法≫的 适用问题

刘文杰,제혜금 단국대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.43 No.4

Unfair competition has spread to the whole network era and formed the networkunfair competition. Firstly, the article defines the research object, divides the unfaircompetition into two types, traditional and new, introduces their specificmanifestations respectively, reveals the harm of the network unfair competition,summarizes the characteristics of the network unfair competition, and analyzes thedeficiencies of China’s legal system to regulate the network unfair competition. Then, it analyzes the disadvantages of the “Anti-Unfair Competition Law” appliedto the network market, introduces the judicial practice of the country in regulatingforeign anti-unfair acts, introduces the legal system of the United States in regulatingnetwork unfair competition acts from the perspective of statute law and case law,and introduces some relevant provisions of the “Anti-Unfair Competition Law” ofGermany and Japan. The fourth part of this article is the core content, whichanalyzes the deficiencies of China’s legal system to regulate the network unfaircompetition behavior, and perfects China’s legal system to regulate the network unfaircompetition behavior from three major aspects: expanding the scope of application ofthe main body, amending relevant laws and regulations, and regulating specificnetwork unfair behavior. Among them, opinions are also put forward from someminor aspects. For example, the general provisions are principled provisions, whichdo not provide a more detailed explanation for the identification of unfair competitionacts. These provisions are too abstract and have no pertinence. At present, manycountries choose the legislative mode listed in the general provisions, and in the anti-unfair laws, specifying some harmful and typical unfair competition acts canimprove the judicial efficiency. The establishment of a network self-restraint treaty,the mobilize initiative of the market, to resist acts of unfair competition on thenetwork. In addition, specific suggestions on regulation are put forward to strengthenthe practical significance of the article. 不正当竞争行为蔓延到整个网络时代, 形成了网络不正当竞争, 文章首先对研究对象进行了界定, 将不正当竞争行为分为两类、传统型与新型, 分别介绍他们的具体表现形式, 揭示网络不正当竞争行为的危害, 然后对网络不正当竞争行为的特征加以总结, 再者分析了中国规制网络不正当竞争行为法律制度的不足之处, 最后对≪反不正当竞争法≫适用于网络市场出现的弊端进行分析, 介绍了国外对于规制外反不正当行为的司法实践, 从成文法与判例法的角度介绍美国规制网络不正当竞争 行为的法律制度, 以及介绍德国、日本 ≪反不正当竞争法≫的一些相关规定。本文第四部分为核心内容, 分析了中国规制网络不正当竞争行为法律制度的不足, 分别从扩大主体适用范围、修改相关的法律法规、以及对具体网络不正当行为的规制这三个大的方面完善中国规制网络不正当竞争行为的法律制度。其中也从一些小的方面来提出意见, 比如一般条款属于原则性的规定, 对于认定不正当竞争行为没有提供更详尽的解释, 这些法条过于抽象并且没有针对性, 目前很多国家选择一般条款列举的立法模式, 在反不正当法中明确一些危害较大、典型的不正当竞争行为可以提高司法审判效率。通过建立网络自我约束条约, 调动市场的主动性,对网路不正当竞争行为进行抵制。此外提出规制的具体意见由此加强文章的实践意义。

更改关键词搜索结果行为的违法性认定研究

彭 致 强,张 亚 鹏 한중법학회 2018 中國法硏究 Vol.33 No.-

The act of altering key word searching results demands urgent regulation for it has damaged the legitimate rights and interests of other market players, infringed upon the internet users’ right to know and freedom of choice, and disrupted the order of competition on the internet. However, identification of the illegality of such act by applying traditional means of identifying unfair competition act would encounter predicament in terms of philosophy, standard and basis for identification. It is thus suggested that the following routes may be followed: insisting on the identification philosophy of giving priority to the protecton of the order of market competition and coordinated protection of pluralistic interests, establishing the identification standard of taking the competition mechanism as its core, improving legal basis, and increasing the influence of industry practice. In recent years, the substantial increase of new type of unfair competition over the internet by the use of key word searching has not only harmed the legitimate rights and interests of other competitors, but also infringed upon the legitimate rights and interests of net-users, seriously damaging the order of competition on the internet. As a new kind of unfair competition on the internet, altering key word searching results is quite different from traditional unfair competition practices in terms of both elements of act and its implementation mechanism, which has rendered the agencies in practice confronted with many predicaments in applying the traditional means of unfair competition identification to the illegality identification of such acts. Due to its new presence and form, the theoretical circles have not yet carried out in-depth and systematic research, nor put forward any useful suggestions for judicial practice. In view of this, this paper attempts to conduct an in-depth and systematic research from the perspective of illegality identification, and hopefully it will help judicial practice. 更改关键词搜索结果行为损害了其他市场主体的合法权益、侵犯了互联网用户的知情权与自主选择权、破坏了互联网市场竞争秩序,对其进行规制已刻不容缓. 但适用传统不正当竞争行为认定方法对此类行为的违法性进行认定时,在认定理念、认定标准、认定依据方面均遭遇困境. 破解困境,可从以下路径着手:坚持优先保护市场竞争秩序、多元化利益协调保护的认定理念,确立以竞争机制标准为核心的认定标准,完善法律法规依据、增强行业惯例效力. 近年来,以关键词搜索为载体实施的互联网新型不正当竞争行为大大增加,这些行为的出现,危害极其严重,不仅损害了其他竞争者的合法权益,还侵犯了互联网用户的合法权益,对互联网市场的竞争秩序造成了严重破坏. 作为一种互联网新型不正当竞争行为,更改关键词搜索结果行为无论在行为构成还是实施机制上,均与传统的不正当竞争行为存在较大差异,导致实务部门适用传统不正当竞争行为认定方法对此类行为进行违法性认定时,遭遇诸多困境. 由于该类行为出现时间较短、形式较新,理论界尚未进行深入系统的研究,也未对司法实践提出有益的建议,鉴此,本文试图从行为违法性认定的视角进行深入系统的研究,以期对司法实践有所裨益.

中国≪反不正当竞争法≫修改动态及一般条款的完善

吕来明,毕文扬 단국대학교 법학연구소 2013 법학논총 Vol.37 No.4

최근 중국 관련부서와 학계에서는 반부정당경쟁법의 일반조항에 대한 개정⋅보완의견을 제기하였다. 중국 반부정당경쟁법의 적용범위, 일반조항의 규정, 경영자범위의 확정, 반부정당경쟁법을 적용함에 있어서 경쟁관계를 전제로 해야 하는지 등 쟁점문제를 둘러싸고 학계에서는 많은 토론과 연구가 진행되고 있다. 사견으로는 일반조항은 개방적인 특성을 가져야 하고 경영자권익을 보호하는 기능 이외에 부정당경쟁행위로 침해되는 권익에는 소비자권익도 포함해야 한다. 그리고 반부정당경쟁법과 소비자권익보호법, 제조물품질법, 불법행위법 등 다른 법의 기능과 구분하기 위해서 반부정당경쟁법의 적용범위를 합리적으로 정해야 한다. 즉, 그 적용범위를 유상(有償), 상업이익 등을 가지는 경제활동인 “시장거래”에 한정하여, 사회활동에서의 사적인 영역에 과대 개입하는 것을 방지하여야 한다.

인터넷시대 부정경쟁방지법의 적용에 관한 연구

劉文杰 ( Liu Wen-jie ),諸慧琴 ( Zhu Hui-qin ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2019 법학논총 Vol.43 No.4

부정경쟁행위가 인터넷환경의 전반에 만연되면서 인터넷 부정경쟁이 형성되고 있다. 본 연구는 우선 연구대상을 한정하여 부정경쟁행위를 전통형과 신형 두 부류로 구분하였다. 그리고 이들의 구체적인 표현형식을 소개하고, 부정경쟁 행위의 피해, 인터넷 부정경쟁행위의 특징을 설명하였다. 그리고, 중국의 부정경쟁행위의 법률제도의 미비점을 분석한 후, 최종 부정경쟁방지 법이 인터넷 시대에 적용 시 나타나는 어려움을 분석한다. 해외의 반부정행위의 실천상황을 소개하고 성문법과 실천법 차원에서 미국의 인터넷 부정경쟁행위에 대한 법률제도와 독일·일본의 부정경쟁방지법의 관련 규정을 소개하였다. 본 연구는 중국의 인터넷 부정경쟁행위의 법제도의 부족한 점을 분석하였으며, 각각 주체의 적용범위확대, 관련 법률의 개정 및 구체적인 인터넷 부정행위에 대한 규제라는 세 가지 큰 측면에서 중국 인터넷 부정경쟁행위의 법을 보완하였다. 그 중에서도 세부사항의 의견을 제시하였다. 예를 들어, 일반 조항은 원칙적인 규정에 속하며, 부정경쟁행위의 인정에 대해서는 상세한 해석을 제공하지 않아 지나치게 추상적이다. 현재 많은 국가에서 일반 조항이 열거된 입법모델을 선택하고 있다. 인터넷 자기단속 조례의 수립하여 시장이 능동적으로 인터넷상의 부정경쟁행위를 억제하도록 한다. 규제에 대한 구체적인 의견 제시를 통해 연구의 실천적 의의를 갖는다. Unfair competition has spread to the whole network era and formed the network unfair competition. Firstly, the article defines the research object, divides the unfair competition into two types, traditional and new, introduces their specific manifestations respectively, reveals the harm of the network unfair competition, summarizes the characteristics of the network unfair competition, and analyzes the deficiencies of China’s legal system to regulate the network unfair competition. Then, it analyzes the disadvantages of the “Anti-Unfair Competition Law” applied to the network market, introduces the judicial practice of the country in regulating foreign anti-unfair acts, introduces the legal system of the United States in regulating network unfair competition acts from the perspective of statute law and case law, and introduces some relevant provisions of the “Anti-Unfair Competition Law” of Germany and Japan. The fourth part of this article is the core content, which analyzes the deficiencies of China’s legal system to regulate the network unfair competition behavior, and perfects China’s legal system to regulate the network unfair competition behavior from three major aspects: expanding the scope of application of the main body, amending relevant laws and regulations, and regulating specific network unfair behavior. Among them, opinions are also put forward from some minor aspects. For example, the general provisions are principled provisions, which do not provide a more detailed explanation for the identification of unfair competition acts. These provisions are too abstract and have no pertinence. At present, many countries choose the legislative mode listed in the general provisions, and in the anti-unfair laws, specifying some harmful and typical unfair competition acts can improve the judicial efficiency. The establishment of a network self-restraint treaty, the mobilize initiative of the market, to resist acts of unfair competition on the network. In addition, specific suggestions on regulation are put forward to strengthen the practical significance of the article.