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식민시대 누에바 에스파냐의 가톨릭과 원주민의 관계 -“영혼의 정복”인가 “상호작용”인가?-
김윤경 ( Kim¸ Yoonkyung ) 한국서양사학회 2021 西洋史論 Vol.- No.150
이 논문은 우상 파괴와 성인 숭배를 중심으로 식민시대 누에바 에스파냐에서 가톨릭교회와 원주민의 관계가 어떠했는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 16세기 아메리카에 들어간 가톨릭 사제들은 정복자의 시선에서 완전히 벗어나지 못했다. 아메리카에 들어간 후 교회가 맨 먼저 한 것은 원주민에게 집단으로 세례를 주고 그들의 우상을 파괴하는 것이었다. 사제들은 원주민을 속히 개종시켜야 한다고 생각했기 때문에 원주민이 예수를 알게 하고 믿게 하기보다는 개종자 수를 늘리는 외적인 성장에 열을 올렸다. 많은 원주민이 집단으로 세례를 받았지만, 그들은 여전히 그들의 우상을 비밀리에 숭배했다. 그래서 교회는 원주민의 우상을 파괴하고 그들을 처벌하였다. 이러한 폭력은 원주민의 가톨릭 수용으로 이어지기도 했지만 실제로는 큰 저항을 불러일으켰다. 이에 가톨릭교회는 원주민의 우상을 가톨릭 성인으로 대체했다. 그것은 원주민의 전통 신앙과 가톨릭교회의 유사성에서 비롯된 타협이었다. 이러한 타협은 가톨릭 축제에서도 드러났다. 가톨릭 행사인 축제에서 원주민들은 전통 복장을 하고 전통 춤을 주고 노래를 불렀다. 이러한 축제를 경제적으로 지원하기 위해 다양한 꼬프라디아(cofradía)가 만들어지기도 했다. 결과적으로 가톨릭교회는 원주민의 영혼을 “정복”하지 못한 채 원주민과 절충하고 타협했다. 이러한 타협이 바로 교회와 원주민 관계의 본질이었다. 그로 인해 “누에바 에스파냐의 가톨릭”이 탄생했다. This study examined how Catholic Church and indigenous peoples interrelated in the colonial era of New Spain, focusing on iconoclastic movement and worship of saints. Catholic priests who entered America in the 16th century were unable to escape from the perspective of conquerors. Over time, the church became a powerful economic institution. The first thing Catholic priests did when they entered America was to baptize natives collectively and destroy their idols. These priests, under the pressure to convert many natives quickly, focused on the outward growth of increasing the number of native converts rather than making them truly know and believe in Jesus. Although many indigenous peoples were baptized collectively, they still worshiped their idols secretly. Thus, the church destroyed those idols of the natives and punished them severely. Such violence led to Catholic acceptance by indigenous people. However, in reality, it provoked great resistance. The Catholic Church replaced idols of the natives with Catholic saints. It was a compromise that stemmed from similarities between traditional beliefs of indigenous people and Catholicism. This compromise was also revealed at Catholic festivals. Priests tried to promote the piety of indigenous peoples and control their religious life by holding festivals on Catholic saints or anniversaries. In order to economically support these festivals, various cofradias were created. The Catholic Church did not "conquer" spirits of the natives. In other words, Catholic priests were unsuccessful in saving souls of indigenous people by getting them to know and believe in Jesus. The Catholic Church realized limitations of group baptism in the early days of the conquest and offered a compromise of Catholic saint worship and festivals so that indigenous people could more easily accept Catholicism. In this compromise, an interaction between the church and indigenous people took place. As a result, “Catholics of New Spain” was born. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies / yetla@hanmail.net)
Baek Jang-Hyun,Kim Byung Moon,Suh Sang Hyun,Jeon Hong-Jun,Ihm Eun Hyun,Park Hyungjong,Kim Chang-Hyun,Cha Sang-Hoon,Choi Chi-Hoon,Yi Kyung Sik,Kim Jun-Hwee,Suh Sangil,Kim Byungjun,Chang Yoonkyung,Kim S 대한영상의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.24 No.2
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EmboTrap II in terms of first-pass recanalization and to determine whether it could yield favorable outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this multicenter, prospective study, we consecutively enrolled patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy using EmboTrap II as a front-line device. The primary outcome was the first pass effect (FPE) rate defined by modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grade 2c or 3 by the first pass of EmboTrap II. In addition, modified FPE (mFPE; mTICI grade 2b–3 by the first pass of EmboTrap II), successful recanalization (final mTICI grade 2b–3), and clinical outcomes were assessed. We also analyzed the effect of FPE on a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2 at 3 months. Results: Two hundred-ten patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 73.3 ± 11.4 years; male, 55.7%) were included. Ninetynine patients (47.1%) had FPE, and mFPE was achieved in 150 (71.4%) patients. Successful recanalization was achieved in 191 (91.0%) patients. Among them, 164 (85.9%) patients underwent successful recanalization by exclusively using EmboTrap II. The time from groin puncture to FPE was 25.0 minutes (interquartile range, 17.0–35.0 minutes). Procedure-related complications were observed in seven (3.3%) patients. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage developed in 14 (6.7%) patients. One hundred twenty-three (58.9% of 209 completely followed) patients had an mRS score of 0–2. Sixteen (7.7% of 209) patients died during the follow-up period. Patients who had successful recanalization with FPE were four times more likely to have an mRS score of 0–2 than those who had successful recanalization without FPE (adjusted odds ratio, 4.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.59–10.8; p = 0.004). Conclusion: Mechanical thrombectomy using the front-line EmboTrap II is effective and safe. In particular, FPE rates were high. Achieving FPE was important for an mRS score of 0–2, even in patients with successful recanalization.
Single institute experience of pancreatico-enteric anastomosis failure after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Yoonkyung Woo,유영경,한재현,최호중,Yumi Kim,Bongjun Kwak,홍태호,Donggoo Kim 대한종양외과학회 2019 Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology Vol.15 No.1
Purpose: We have summarized the experience of our institution related to what treatment has been performed in patients with pancreatic fistula and their outcome. Methods: Seventy-eight pancreatico-enteric anastomosis failure (PEAF) patients of 403 pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) were included for this retrospective study. PEAF was defined by the presence of rich amylase (over 10,000 IU/L) in drainage fluid at postoperative day 5 to 7 and radiographic demonstration of the anastomotic breakdown and associated local fluid collection. The management was analyzed by observation group (O group), intervention (I group) and surgery group (S group). Results: Preoperative clinical status of the PEAF group and non-PEAF group was similar. Bile duct cancer was the highest risk subgroup of the PEAF (P=0.001) and the pancreatic adenocarcinoma showed the least risk for the PEAF (P<0.001). Among the 78 PEAF patients, 50 were managed as a conservative treatment, 15 patients were received radiologic intervention and 13 patients performed rescue surgery. Among these three subgroups, there was no statistical significance in the patient’s demographics, clinical status, surgical factors and disease nature. However, mortality was significantly higher in the S group (P<0.001). The mortality cases were developed one and six patients in O and S group, respectively. Surgical procedures in S group were completion total pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy (n=12) and pancreatectomy preserving spleen in four (28.6%). Pancreaticogastrostomy repair and Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction were performed each case, respectively. Conclusion: Proper drainage catheter indwelling during the PD or postoperative radiological intervention can effectively manage the PEAF without surgical interventional treatment.
Kim, Hansol,Kim, Yoonkyung,Lee, Eui Chul Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2014 The Scientific World Journal Vol.2014 No.-
<P>Although many three-dimensional pointing gesture recognition methods have been proposed, the problem of self-occlusion has not been considered. Furthermore, because almost all pointing gesture recognition methods use a wide-angle camera, additional sensors or cameras are required to concurrently perform finger gesture recognition. In this paper, we propose a method for performing both pointing gesture and finger gesture recognition for large display environments, using a single Kinect device and a skeleton tracking model. By considering self-occlusion, a compensation technique can be performed on the user's detected shoulder position when a hand occludes the shoulder. In addition, we propose a technique to facilitate finger counting gesture recognition, based on the depth image of the hand position. In this technique, the depth image is extracted from the end of the pointing vector. By using exception handling for self-occlusions, experimental results indicate that the pointing accuracy of a specific reference position was significantly improved. The average root mean square error was approximately 13 pixels for a 1920 × 1080 pixels screen resolution. Moreover, the finger counting gesture recognition accuracy was 98.3%.</P>
Kim, Jin-Young,Gopal, Ramamourthy,Kim, Sang Young,Seo, Chang Ho,Lee, Hyang Burm,Cheong, Hyeonsook,Park, Yoonkyung MDPI 2013 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.14 No.2
<P>In an earlier study, we isolated potamin-1 (PT-1), a 5.6-kDa trypsin-chymotrypsin protease inhibitor, from the tubers of a potato strain (<I>Solanum tuberosum</I> L cv. Gogu Valley). We established that PT-1 strongly inhibits pathogenic microbial strains, but not human bacterial strains, and that its sequence shows 62% homology with a serine protease inhibitor. In the present study, we isolated an antifungal and antibacterial peptide with no cytotoxicity from tubers of the same potato strain. The peptide (peptide-G2, PG-2) was isolated using salt-extraction, ultrafiltration and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) showed the protein to have a molecular mass of 3228.5 Da, while automated Edman degradation showed the <I>N</I>-terminal sequence of PG-2 to be LVKDNPLDISPKQVQALCTDLVIRCMCCC-. PG-2 exhibited antimicrobial activity against <I>Candida albicans</I>, a human pathogenic yeast strain, and <I>Clavibacter michiganensis</I> subsp. <I>michiganensis</I>, a plant late blight strain. PG-2 also showed antibacterial activity against <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>, but did not lyse human red blood cells and was thermostable. Overall, these results suggest PG-2 may be a good candidate to serve as a natural antimicrobial agent, agricultural pesticide and/or food additive.</P>
Tuning the optical and electrical properties of MoS<sub>2</sub> by selective Ag photo-reduction
Kim, Eunpa,Lee, Yoonkyung,Ko, Changhyun,Park, Yunjeong,Yeo, Junyeob,Chen, Yabin,Choe, Hwan Sung,Allen, Frances I.,Rho, Junsuk,Tongay, Sefaattin,Wu, Junqiao,Kim, Kyunghoon,Grigoropoulos, Costas P. American Institute of Physics 2018 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS Vol.113 No.1
Kim, Min Kyung,Kang, Na Hee,Ko, Su Jin,Park, Jonggwan,Park, Eunji,Shin, Dong Won,Kim, Seo Hyun,Lee, Seung A.,Lee, Ji In,Lee, Seung Hyun,Ha, Eun Gi,Jeon, Seung Hun,Park, Yoonkyung MDPI 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.19 No.10
<P>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutic agents for treating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Previous studies showed that magainin 2 (isolated from African clawed fogs <I>Xenopus laevis</I>) has antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of magainin 2 against <I>Acinetobacter baumannii</I>. Magainin 2 showed excellent antibacterial activity against <I>A. baumannii</I> strains and high stability at physiological salt concentrations. This peptide was not cytotoxic towards HaCaT cells and showed no hemolytic activity. Biofilm inhibition and elimination were significantly induced in all <I>A. baumannii</I> strains exposed to magainin 2. We confirmed the mechanism of magainin 2 on the bacterial outer and inner membranes. Collectively, these results suggest that magainin 2 is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent against <I>A. baumannii</I> strains.</P>