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이연진(Yeonjin Lee),박광식(Kwangsik Park) 대한약학회 2012 약학회지 Vol.56 No.2
Citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in industry, consumer products and medical appliances. However, information on the toxicity, environmental fate and toxicokinetics are not enough. In this study, stability of citrate-capped AgNPs was investigated using different types of isotonic solution, which is important in the toxicokinetic study by the exposure route of intravenous injection. Size, morphology, zeta potential and ion formation were investigated in isotonic solutions for the physico-chemical characterization of AgNPs. Aggregation and precipitation of AgNPs were observed in saline or phosphate-buffered saline while they were stable without precipitation in 2% glycerol of isotonic solution. The average size of AgNPs in 2% glycerol was 6~10 nm, which was almost same as that in water-based suspension of AgNPs. Zeta potential was ranged from -30 mV to -60 mV, which was in the range of original stock AgNPs. The stability was maintained during the whole experimental period of 48 hours. Furthermore, the stability was not changed in different temperature (10~36oC) and at different concentrations (10~1,000 ppm). The osmolarity of the AgNPs suspension was 299±1 mOsm/kg which was in isotonic range. These data suggest that AgNPs in 2% glycerol solution can be used for the preparations of intravenous injection for toxicokinetic study without undesired disturbance of blood isotonicity.
이연진 ( Lee Yeonjin ) 충남대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육연구논총 Vol.41 No.3
본 연구는 조선시대 문신들에게 글짓기 능력을 평가하고 또 장려한 월과문신(月課文臣)제도의 규정 제정 및 개정 과정을 법전을 토대로 검토하고자 한다. 조선은 유교국가 운영의 주축인 관료들의 학업 및 직무능력을 지속적으로 관리하고 양성하고자 다양한 평가제도를 시행하였다. 특히, 조선시대 문신의 제술(製述)능력은 국내의 행정과 국외의 외교활동을 위해 필수적이었기 때문에 국가는 정기적인 평가를 통해 문신의 글짓기 공부를 장려하고자 노력하였다. 문신월과제도는 이러한 배경에서 운영되어 정착되었던 대표적인 문신 대상 제술권학제도라 할 수 있다. 고려대의 한림원 월과제도에 기원을 둔 월과문신제도는 조선 개국 후 문신들의 제술능력을 신장시키기 위한 방안으로 본격적으로 논의되었다. 선초의 문신제술권학 방안은 40세미만의 젊은 홍문관원을 대상으로 하여 경국대전의 홍문관 월과 조항을 제정하여 운영하는 것으로 일단락되었으나, 관직 이동에 따른 글짓기 작성 및 보고의 어려움, 차작(借作) 등 대리 제술을 비롯한 실제운영상의 문제점, 전란 후 제도운영의 어려움 등으로 기존 제도에 대한 정비과정을 거칠 수밖에 없었다. 월과문신제도의 재정비를 위해 마련된 주요 변통(變通) 조항은 월과 문제 출제 및 등수를 매기는 과차(科次) 등의 주요 운영상의 총괄 책임자의 권한 및 책무성 강화, 시험대상의 확대, 인사고과와 연계시킨 포상 및 처벌 규정의 강화, 시험결과보고 시기의 횟수 증가였다. 이상의 월과문신제도 법규 양상을 살펴보았을 때, 본래의 취지인 글짓기를 통한 유학적 소양배양 및 제술관련 기본 업무능력을 제고하려 하였음을 알 수 있었다. This research studies the policy of Weolgwa-Moonshin(月課文臣) during the Chosun dynasty, which aimed to ensure that society was governed by talented officials who were well cultivated by confucian study. In the early Chosun Dynasty, the policy targeted only officials under the age of 40 who belonged to Hongmungwan(弘文館) and it was called Hongmungwan-Weolgwa(弘文館月課), but later, all officials were tested, regardless of age. The policy encouraged the development of literati officials’ writing skills through a monthly evaluation system(月課) with certain topics and forms of writing which were important to their competence. The government also linked the evaluation results to the performance rating for the officials. Depending on the officials’ writing scores, they were rewarded with writing materials or promoted to a higher position. On the other hand, those who did not submit writings were questioned by judicial authorities or, worse, could lose their positions. This study attempted to discern the meaning of Weolgwa-Moonshin(月課文臣) as a policy of encouraging scholarship for literati officials by tracing the changes in the code of law. The main purpose of this policy was for cultivating confucian knowledge and the performance ability of these officials.
이연진(Yeonjin Lee),최수름(Sureum Cho),서영교(Yeongkyo Seo) 한국정보기술학회 2021 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2021 No.11
가중치 이진화 방식은 완전 정밀도 가중치를 이진화 가중치로 대체함으로써 메모리 용량과 연산의 복잡성을 줄일 수 있다. 기존의 이진화 합성곱 신경망은 정확도를 유지하기 위해 배치 정규화 계층을 사용한다. 하지만, 배치 정규화 계층은 입력을 정규화하기 위해서 복합한 추가적인 하드웨어와 메모리를 사용이 필요하다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 메모리 용량을 줄이면서도 높은 정확성을 가지는 배치 정규화 계층이 없는 이진화 스파이킹 신경망을 제안하고자 한다. The weighted binarization method can reduce memory capacity and operation complexity by replacing full precision weighs with binarized weights. In the conventional binary neural networks, a batch normalization layer is used to retain compatible accuracy. However, the batch normalization which normalizes the input by the mean and standard variations requires an additional hardware and extra memory access. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new binarized deep spiking neural network without a batch normalization layer in order to reduce memory capacity and achieve high classification accuracy.
랫드의 혈액응고 및 혈소판 응집에 미치는 은나노 입자의 영향
박광식(Kwangsik Park),이연진(Yeonjin Lee) 大韓藥學會 2012 약학회지 Vol.56 No.6
Effects of citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the blood coagulation and platelet aggregation were investigated using whole blood, platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet obtained from SD male rats. To confirm the stability of AgNPs in the test, size distribution of the nanoparticles was measured in the vehicles including distilled water, serum, and platelet buffers. The average size of AgNPs was 20 nm in the vehicles, which means that the stability was maintained during the whole experimental period. When blood coagulation was monitored by using whole blood impedance aggregometer, coagulation was not observed at the concentration of 1, 10 and 50 ppm. Platelets in plasma or in buffer were not aggregated by AgNPs at the concentration of 1, 2 and 4 ppm, respectively. The test concentration of AgNPs could not be increased because the dark color of the nanoparticles impeded the transmission of light, which is an indicator of aggregation. Although the blood or platelets were pre-activated by collagen, thrombin, or ADP with sub-threshold level, aggregation was not observed at the test concentration. Microscopic observation also supported the result obtained by the aggregometer.