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Miyamoto, Yoichi,Umeki, Hiroyuki,Ohsawa, Hideaki,Naito, Morimasa,Nakano, Katsushi,Makino, Hitoshi,Shimizu, Kazuhiko,Seo, Toshihiro Korean Nuclear Society 2006 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.38 No.6
Ensuring sufficient supplies of clean, economic and acceptable energy is a critical global challenge for the 21st century. There seems little alternative to a greatly expanded role for nuclear power, but implementation of this option will depend on ensuring that all resulting wastes can be disposed of safely. Although there is a consensus on the fundamental feasibility of such disposal by experts in the field, concepts have to be developed to make them more practical to implement and, in particular, more acceptable to key stakeholders. By considering global trends and using illustrative examples from Japan, key areas for future R&D are identified and potential areas where the synergies of international collaboration would be beneficial are highlighted.
Yamada, Atsushi,Takami, Masamichi,Kawawa, Tadaharu,Yasuhara, Rika,Zhao, Baohong,Mochizuki, Ayako,Miyamoto, Yoichi,Eto, Tomoo,Yasuda, Hisataka,Nakamichi, Yuko,Kim, Nacksung,Katagiri, Takenobu,Suda, Tat Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Immunology Vol.120 No.4
<P>Summary</P><P>Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are closely related cytokines known to inhibit osteoclast formation by targeting osteoblasts to produce an inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as by directly targeting osteoclast precursors. However, whether their inhibitory actions are the same remains unclear. The inhibitory effect of IL-4 was stronger than that of IL-13 in an osteoclast-differentiation culture system containing mouse osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors. Both cytokines induced OPG production by osteoblasts in similar time- and dose-dependent manners. However, IL-4 was stronger in direct inhibition that targeted osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, IL-4 induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) at lower concentrations than those of IL-13 in osteoclast precursors. IL-4 but not IL-13 strongly inhibited the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (nuclear factor-ATc1), a key factor of osteoclast differentiation, by those precursors. Thus, the activities of IL-4 and IL-13 toward osteoclast precursors were shown to be different in regards to inhibition of osteoclast differentiation, whereas those toward osteoblasts for inducing OPG expression were equivalent.</P>