Spatial protein expression of Panax ginseng by in-depth proteomic analysis for ginsenoside biosynthesis and transportation

Xiaoying Li,Xianhui Cheng,Baosheng Liao,Jiang Xu,Xu Han,Jinbo Zhang,Zhiwei Lin,Lianghai Hu 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.1

Background: Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods: We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results: A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion: The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.

A Novel Method for Estimating State-of-Charge in Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Nan Zhang,Yunshan Zhou,Qiang Tian,Xiaoying Liao,Feitie Zhang 한국정밀공학회 2019 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.20 No.5

Estimation of the state-of- charge (SOC) of power batteries has always been the focus of electric vehicle users’ criticism. Accurate SOC is beneficial for extending the mileage of electric vehicles and the life of the battery pack. The key to improving SOC accuracy is to establish its accurate model and combine it with an appropriate estimation algorithm. Based on characterization experiments related to SOC, this paper describes a second-order charge–discharge resistor–capacitor model that can accurately simulate external characteristics of the battery and identify them online. An improved adaptive unscented Kalman filter algorithm based on Sage–Husa is introduced to estimate SOC. The reliability of the algorithm is verified by building a MATLAB/Simulink simulation model. The results show that the improved algorithm displays increased robustness and can quickly converge to the true value; the steady-state error is also within a small range.

Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques

Santra, Sampa,Tomaras, Georgia D.,Warrier, Ranjit,Nicely, Nathan I.,Liao, Hua-Xin,Pollara, Justin,Liu, Pinghuang,Alam, S. Munir,Zhang, Ruijun,Cocklin, Sarah L.,Shen, Xiaoying,Duffy, Ryan,Xia, Shi-Mao Public Library of Science 2015 PLoS pathogens Vol.11 No.8

<▼1><P>HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate <I>in vivo</I> rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Antibodies specifically recognize antigenic sites on pathogens and can mediate multiple antiviral functions through engagement of effector cells via their Fc region. Current HIV-1 vaccine candidates induce polyclonal antibody responses with multiple antiviral functions, but do not induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. An improved understanding of whether certain types of non-neutralizing HIV-1 specific antibodies can individually protect against HIV-1 infection may facilitate vaccine development. Here, we test whether non-neutralizing antibodies with multiple antiviral functions mediated through FcR engagement and recognition of virus particles or virus-infected cells can limit infection, despite lacking classical virus neutralization activity. In a passive antibody infusion-rhesus macaque challenge model, we tested the ability of non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to limit virus acquisition. We demonstrate that two different types of non-neutralizing antibodies, one that recognizes both virus particles and infected cells (7B2) and another that recognizes only infected cells (A32) were capable of decreasing the number of transmitted founder viruses. Further, we provide the structure of 7B2 in complex with the gp41 cyclical loop motif, a motif critical for entry. These findings provide insights into the role that antibodies with antiviral properties, including virion capture and FcR mediated effector function, may play in protecting against HIV-1 acquisition.</P></▼2>

Transcriptome-Wide Analyses Provide Insights into Development of the Hedychium coronarium Flower, Revealing Potential Roles of PTL

Zhao Tong,Piñeyro-Nelson Alma,Yu Qianxia,Pan Xiaoping,Hu Xiaoying,Liu Huanfang,Liao Jingping 한국식물학회 2021 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.64 No.5

The flower of Hedychium coronarium possesses highly specialized floral organs: a synsepalous calyx, petaloid staminodes and a labellum. The formation of these organs is controlled by two gene categories: floral organ identity genes and organ boundary genes, which may function individually or jointly during flower development. Although the floral organogenesis of H. coronarium has been studied at the morphological level, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in particular organ morphologies that emerge in flower development still remain poorly understood. Here, we used comparative transcriptomics combined with Real-time quantitative PCR to investigate gene expression patterns of ABC-class genes in H. coronarium flowers, as well as the homolog of PETAL LOSS (HcPTL). Our studies found that stamen/petal identity or stamen fertility in H. coronarium was not necessarily correlated with the differential expression of HcAP3 and HcAG. We also found a novel spatio-temporal expression pattern for HcPTL mRNA, suggesting it may have evolved a lineage-specific role in the morphogenesis of the Hedychium flower. Our study provides a new transcriptome reference and a functional hypothesis regarding the role of a boundary gene in organ fusion that should be further addressed through phylogenetic analyzes of this gene, as well as functional studies.