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Suh, Kyong-In,Lee, Jong-Wook,Whitfield, James B. 한국곤충학회 1999 Entomological Research Vol.29 No.1
The molecular phylogeny of the Subfamily Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was inferred from nucleotide sequence variation across a 424-bp region in the Cytochrome b and a 430-bp region in the Cytochrome oxidase I of mitochondrial genome. Both genes indicate strong base bias at the third codon position and AT trans versions occurred more frequently than other type of substitutions. Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood analyses based on the CB gene separately give strong support for similar relationships based on morphological data. However, the phylogeny based on COI gene and combined data sets shows relationships discordant with both morphology and Cyt b.
Song, Bohang,Veith, Gabriel M.,Park, Jinseon,Yoon, Mina,Whitfield, Pamela S.,Kirkham, Melanie J.,Liu, Jue,Huq, Ashfia American Chemical Society 2019 Chemistry of materials Vol.31 No.1
<P>In this work, we examine the reaction mechanisms driven by the lithiation of Li<SUB>1+δ</SUB>Mn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1) spinels via in operando neutron powder diffraction (NPD). New reaction mechanisms are proposed involving solid-solution regions within both cubic and tetragonal spinel phases in addition to a continuous phase transition between them. In operando NPD is an ideal tool to follow the light elements such as lithium and oxygen in cathode materials which are often the key to fully understand their structural evolutions. Here, we report a novel methodology to prepare an extremely thick electrode with ∼378 mg·cm<SUP>-2</SUP> loading density suitable for the in operando NPD studies. Enabled by such thick electrode, we find that the metal oxygen M-O (M = Li and Mn) bond lengths in both end members LiMn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> and Li<SUB>2</SUB>Mn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> experience pronounced changes larger than dictated by the change in lattice parameters because of the locally formed Jahn-Teller distorted Mn<SUP>3+</SUP>. First-principles density functional theory calculations confirm these metastable intermediates and further propose atomistic reaction pathways for the phase transition by coupling a global structure search algorithm. These findings redefine the conventional understandings on two-phase reactions of this spinel material.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>