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Trade Creation and Diversion Effects and Exchange Rate Volatility in the Global Meat Trade
( David Karemera ),( Won Koo ),( Gerald Smalls ),( Louis Whiteside ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2015 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.30 No.2
A modified gravity model is specified and applied to meat trade markets to identify factors affecting bovine and swine meat trade flows. The model is used to evaluate the effects of bilateral and regional free trade agreements. This study reveals that gravity models can be effectively parameterized and used in single commodity trade studies. Using data from 1986 to 2009, the results show that income, population, production capacity, distance, and exchange rate volatility are major factors affecting meat trade. The findings also demonstrate that the formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and European Union significantly enhanced bovine and swine meat trade flows through trade creation among members and trade diversion from non-members to members. The Common Market of the South led to trade creation with inconclusive results for trade diversion while the Association of South-East Asian Nations led to trade diversion with no evidence of increased intra-bloc trade. The hoof-and-mouth disease significantly impaired bovine meat trade flows.
Development and characterization of PET/Fish Gelatin–nanoclay composite/LDPE laminate
Bae, Ho J.,Park, Hyun J.,Darby, Duncan O.,Kimmel, Robert M.,Whiteside, William S. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Packaging technology & science Vol.22 No.7
<P>A three-layer laminate film was developed with the following structure: polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/fish gelatin (FG)–nanoclay composite/low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The FG–nanoclay composite material functioned as the oxygen barrier layer and demonstrated comparable oxygen barrier properties when compared with a similar laminate utilizing ethylene vinyl alcohol as the barrier layer at a relative humidity (RH) of up to 50%. The introduction of nanometer-sized filler clay into the FG matrix lowered the oxygen permeability (OP) because of the tortuosity effect of the clay particles. In addition, the FG–nanoclay composite film exhibited bond strengths similar to both LDPE and PET. The hydrophilic nature of FG significantly increases OP under high (>50%) RH conditions. However, this new FG laminate film could be a possible alternative for packaging designers desiring a more sustainable packaging material for low-RH (<50%) applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>
Bae, H.J.,Park, H.J.,Hong, S.I.,Byun, Y.J.,Darby, D.O.,Kimmel, R.M.,Whiteside, W.S. Academic Press, etc 2009 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.42 No.6
The effect of clay content, homogenization RPM, and pH on the mechanical and barrier properties of fish gelatin/nanoclay composite films was investigated. The addition of 5% nanoclay (w/w) increased the tensile strength from 30.31+/-2.37MPa to 40.71+/-3.30MPa. The 9g clay/100g gelatin film exhibited the largest improvements in oxygen and water barrier properties. Oxygen permeability decreased from 402.8x10<SUP>-6</SUP>+/-0.7x10<SUP>-6</SUP>gm/m<SUP>2</SUP>dayatm to 114.4x10<SUP>-6</SUP>+/-16.2x10<SUP>-6</SUP> gm/m<SUP>2</SUP>dayatm and the water vapor permeability decreased from 31.2x10<SUP>-3</SUP>+/-1.6x10<SUP>-3</SUP> ngm/m<SUP>2</SUP>sPa to 8.1x10<SUP>-3</SUP>+/-0.1x10<SUP>-3</SUP> ngm/m<SUP>2</SUP>sPa. The XRD and TEM observation suggested that the ultrasonication treatment (30min at 40% output) resulted in exfoliation of the silicates.
Physical and chemical properties of γ-irradiated EVOH film
Jae Byun, Y.,Hong, S.I.,Kim, K.B.,Jeon, D.H.,Kim, J.M.,Whiteside, W.S.,Jin Park, H. Pergamon 2007 Radiation physics and chemistry Vol.76 No.6
The effects of γ-irradiation on ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were investigated. Oxygen permeability decreased as irradiation dose increased in non-oriented (EF-CR), biaxially oriented (EF-XL) EVOH, and nylon/EVOH/PP. Irradiation increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (%E) of EF-CR; whereas, TS of EF-XL was not significantly changed and %E of EF-XL decreased. Irradiation had no effect on TS and %E of nylon/EVOH/PP. Four volatile compounds, ε-caprolactam, 2-propyldecanol, 2-butyloctanol, and 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-butanediol, were detected after irradiation. Optical properties were not changed.
Fluorination, and Tunneling across Molecular Junctions
Liao, Kung-Ching,Bowers, Carleen M.,Yoon, Hyo Jae,Whitesides, George M. American Chemical Society 2015 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.137 No.11
<P>This paper describes the influence of the substitution of fluorine for hydrogen on the rate of charge transport by hole tunneling through junctions of the form Ag<SUP>TS</SUP>O<SUB>2</SUB>C(CH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB><I>n</I></SUB>(CF<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB><I>m</I></SUB>T//Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/EGaIn, where T is methyl (CH<SUB>3</SUB>) or trifluoromethyl (CF<SUB>3</SUB>). Alkanoate-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) having perfluorinated groups (R<SUP>F</SUP>) show current densities that are lower (by factors of 20–30) than those of the homologous hydrocarbons (R<SUP>H</SUP>), while the attenuation factors of the simplified Simmons equation for methylene (β = (1.05?±?0.02)<I>n</I><SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB></SUB><SUP>–1</SUP>) and difluoromethylene (β = (1.15?±?0.02)<I>n</I><SUB>CF<SUB>2</SUB></SUB><SUP>–1</SUP>) are similar (although the value for (CF<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB><I>n</I></SUB> is statistically significantly larger). A comparative study focusing on the terminal fluorine substituents in SAMs of ω-tolyl- and -phenyl-alkanoates suggests that the C–F//Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> interface is responsible for the lower tunneling currents for CF<SUB>3</SUB>. The decrease in the rate of charge transport in SAMs with R<SUP>F</SUP> groups (relative to homologous R<SUP>H</SUP> groups) is plausibly due to an increase in the height of the tunneling barrier at the T//Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> interface, and/or to weak van der Waals interactions at that interface.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2015/jacsat.2015.137.issue-11/jacs.5b00137/production/images/medium/ja-2015-001374_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja5b00137'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Rectification in Tunneling Junctions: 2,2′-Bipyridyl-Terminated <i>n</i>-Alkanethiolates
Yoon, Hyo Jae,Liao, Kung-Ching,Lockett, Matthew R.,Kwok, Sen Wai,Baghbanzadeh, Mostafa,Whitesides, George M. American Chemical Society 2014 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.136 No.49
<P>Molecular rectification is a particularly attractive phenomenon to examine in studying structure–property relationships in charge transport across molecular junctions, since the tunneling currents across the same molecular junction are measured, with only a change in the sign of the bias, with the same electrodes, molecule(s), and contacts. This type of experiment minimizes the complexities arising from measurements of current densities at one polarity using replicate junctions. This paper describes a new organic molecular rectifier: a junction having the structure Ag<SUP>TS</SUP>/S(CH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>11</SUB>-4-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl//Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/EGaIn (Ag<SUP>TS</SUP>: template-stripped silver substrate; EGaIn: eutectic gallium–indium alloy) which shows reproducible rectification with a mean <I>r</I><SUP>+</SUP> = |<I>J</I>(+1.0 V)|/|<I>J</I>(−1.0 V)| = 85 ± 2. This system is important because rectification occurs at a polarity opposite to that of the analogous but much more extensively studied systems based on ferrocene. It establishes (again) that rectification is due to the SAM, and not to redox reactions involving the Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> film, and confirms that rectification is not related to the polarity in the junction. Comparisons among SAM-based junctions incorporating the Ga<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/EGaIn top electrode and a variety of heterocyclic terminal groups indicate that the metal-free bipyridyl group, not other features of the junction, is responsible for the rectification. The paper also describes a structural and mechanistic hypothesis that suggests a partial rationalization of values of rectification available in the literature.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2014/jacsat.2014.136.issue-49/ja509110a/production/images/medium/ja-2014-09110a_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja509110a'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>