Observations of the Interaction and Transport of Fine Mode Aerosols With Cloud and/or Fog in Northeast Asia From Aerosol Robotic Network and Satellite Remote Sensing

Eck, T. F.,Holben, B. N.,Reid, J. S.,Xian, P.,Giles, D. M.,Sinyuk, A.,Smirnov, A.,Schafer, J. S.,Slutsker, I.,Kim, J.,Koo, J.-H.,Choi, M.,Kim, K. C.,Sano, I.,Arola, A.,Sayer, A. M.,Levy, R. C.,Munchak American Geophysical Union 2018 Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol.123 No.10

<P>Analysis of Sun photometer measured and satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) data has shown that major aerosol pollution events with very high fine mode AOD (>1.0 in midvisible) in the China/Korea/Japan region are often observed to be associated with significant cloud cover. This makes remote sensing of these events difficult even for high temporal resolution Sun photometer measurements. Possible physical mechanisms for these events that have high AOD include a combination of aerosol humidification, cloud processing, and meteorological covariation with atmospheric stability and convergence. The new development of Aerosol Robotic Network Version 3 Level 2 AOD with improved cloud screening algorithms now allow for unprecedented ability to monitor these extreme fine mode pollution events. Further, the spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA) applied to Level 1 data (L1; no cloud screening) provides an even more comprehensive assessment of fine mode AOD than L2 in current and previous data versions. Studying the 2012 winter-summer period, comparisons of Aerosol Robotic Network L1 SDA daily average fine mode AOD data showed that Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite remote sensing of AOD often did not retrieve and/or identify some of the highest fine mode AOD events in this region. Also, compared to models that include data assimilation of satellite retrieved AOD, the L1 SDA fine mode AOD was significantly higher in magnitude, particularly for the highest AOD events that were often associated with significant cloudiness.</P>

TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES OF STAR FORMING REGIONS IN THE PERSEUS SPIRAL ARM

Choi, Y. K.,Hachisuka, K.,Reid, M. J.,Xu, Y.,Brunthaler, A.,Menten, K. M.,Dame, T. M. IOP Publishing 2014 The Astrophysical journal Vol.790 No.2

<P>We report trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of water masers for 12 massive star forming regions in the Perseus spiral arm of the Milky Way as part of the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSel) Survey. Combining our results with 14 parallax measurements in the literature, we estimate a pitch angle of 9 degrees.9 +/- 1 degrees.5 for a section of the Perseus arm. The three-dimensional Galactic peculiar motions of these sources indicate that on average they are moving toward the Galactic center and slower than the Galactic rotation.</P>

동물체의 단백질과 체지방의 열량가

한인규 ( In K Han ),J.T.리-드 ( J T Reid ) 한국축산학회 1968 한국축산학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Tissue samples were prepared to determine the content of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and energy. Then calorific values of protein and fat were determined in the ash-free, dry matter of the bodies of 54 rats, 56 chickens. and 40 sheep. Linear relationships were found between the contents of protein or fat and calorific value of ash-free, dry matter of the body tissues of rat, chicken and sheep. The calorific values of protein and fat in the ash-free, dry matter of the rat body were found to be 5.558 and 9.277 ㎉/gm, respectively. The values of protein and fat for chicken. bodies were found to be 5.643 and 9.328 ㎉/gm, respectively. The calorific values of protein and fat in sheep bodies were 5.392 and 5.400 ㎉/gm. These values represent the calorific values of the entire body proteins and lipids. Therefore, these values should be more accurate for use in studies relating the energy metabolism and energy retention than the older values, based on the isolated protein and fat from the body tissues. The older calorific values of protein(5.7 ㎉/gm) and fat(9.5 ㎉/gm) are slightly higher than the values obtained in the present studies.

Power Allocation for OFDM-Based Cooperative Relay Systems

V. K. Y. Wu,Y. G. Li,M. P. Wylie-Green,T. Reid,P. S. S. Wang 한국통신학회 2008 Journal of communications and networks Vol.10 No.2

Cooperative relays can provide spatial diversity and improve performance of wireless communications. In this paper, we study subcarrier power allocation at the relays for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless systems. For cooperative relay with amplify-and-forward (AF) and decodeand- forward (DF) algorithms, we investigate the impact of power allocation to the mutual information between the source and destination. From our simulation results on word-error-rate (WER) performance, we find that the DF algorithm with power allocation provides better performance than that of AF algorithm in a single path relay network because the former is able to eliminate channel noise at each relay. For the multiple path relay network, however, the network structure is already resistant to noise and channel distortion, and AF approach is a more attractive choice due to its lower complexity.

Spinal Growth Modulation with Use of a Tether in an Immature Porcine Model :

Newton, Peter O,Upasani, Vidyadhar V,Farnsworth, Christine L,Oka, Richard,Chambers, Reid C,Dwek, Jerry,Kim, Jung Ryul,Perry, Andrew,Mahar, Andrew T Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 2008 Journal of bone and joint surgery Vol.90 No.12

<P>BACKGROUND: Spinal growth modulation by tethering the anterolateral aspect of the spine, as previously demonstrated in a nonscoliotic calf model, may be a viable fusionless treatment method for idiopathic scoliosis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the radiographic, histologic, and biomechanical results after six and twelve months of spinal growth modulation in a porcine model with a growth rate similar to that of adolescent patients. METHODS: Twelve seven-month-old mini-pigs underwent instrumentation with a vertebral staple-screw construct connected by a polyethylene tether over four consecutive thoracic vertebrae. The spines were harvested after six (n = 6) or twelve months (n = 6) of growth. Monthly radiographs, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans (made after the spines were harvested), histologic findings, and biomechanical findings were evaluated. Analysis of variance was used to compare preoperative, six-month postoperative, and twelve-month postoperative data. RESULTS: Radiographs demonstrated 14 degrees +/- 4 degrees of coronal deformity after six months and 30 degrees +/- 13 degrees after twelve months of growth. Coronal vertebral wedging was observed in all four tethered vertebrae and progressed throughout each animal's survival period. Disc wedging was also created; however, in contrast to the findings associated with vertebral wedging, the tethered side was taller than the untethered side. Magnetic resonance images revealed no evidence of disc degeneration; however, the nucleus pulposus had shifted toward the side of the tethering. Midcoronal undecalcified histologic sections showed intact bone-screw interfaces with no evidence of implant failure or loosening. With the tether cut, stiffness decreased and range of motion increased in lateral bending away from the tether at both time-points (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this porcine model, mechanical tethering during growth altered spinal morphology in the coronal and sagittal planes, leading to vertebral and disc wedging proportional to the duration of tethering. The resulting concave thickening of the disc in response to the tether was not anticipated and may suggest a capacity for the nucleus pulposus to respond to the compressive loads created by growth against the tether.</P>

Pharmacological Rescue of Mitochondrial Deficits in iPSC-Derived Neural Cells from Patients with Familial Parkinson's Disease

Cooper, O.,Seo, H.,Andrabi, S.,Guardia-Laguarta, C.,Graziotto, J.,Sundberg, M.,McLean, J. R.,Carrillo-Reid, L.,Xie, Z.,Osborn, T.,Hargus, G.,Deleidi, M.,Lawson, T.,Bogetofte, H.,Perez-Torres, E.,Clark American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2012 Science Translational Medicine Vol.4 No.141

<P>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors that results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in the brain. We analyzed neural cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from PD patients and presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations in the PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) genes, and compared them to those of healthy control subjects. We measured several aspects of mitochondrial responses in the iPSC-derived neural cells including production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial respiration, proton leakage, and intraneuronal movement of mitochondria. Cellular vulnerability associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-derived neural cells from familial PD patients and at-risk individuals could be rescued with coenzyme Q(10), rapamycin, or the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GW5074. Analysis of mitochondrial responses in iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients carrying different mutations provides insight into convergence of cellular disease mechanisms between different familial forms of PD and highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in this neurodegenerative disease.</P>