Effects of Tween 80 on In Vitro Fermentation of Silages and Interactive Effects of Tween 80, Monensin and Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Growth Performance by Feedlot Cattle

Wang, Y.,McAllister, T.A.,Baah, J.,Wilde, R.,Beauchemin, K.A.,Rode, L.M.,Shelford, J.A.,Kamande, G.M.,Cheng, K.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.7

The effects of monensin, Tween 80 and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and animal performance were studied in vitro and in vivo. In Expt 1, the effects of the surfactant Tween 80 (0.2% wt/wt, DM basis) on ruminal fermentation of alfalfa, corn and orchardgrass silages were investigated using in vitro gas production techniques. Tween 80 did not affect (p>0.05) cumulative gas production at 24 h, but it reduced (p<0.05) the lag in fermentation of all three silages. With corn silage and orchardgrass silage, gas production rates and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (p<0.05) by Tween 80; with alfalfa silage, they were reduced (p<0.05). Tween 80 increased (p<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total VFA, and reduced (p<0.05) acetate to propionate ratios (A:P) with all three silages. In Expt 2, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (E; at 0, 37.5 or 75 g/tonne DM), monensin (M; at 0 or 25 ppm and Tween 80 (T; at 0 or 2 L/tonne DM) were added alone or in combination to backgrounding and finishing diets fed to 320 crossbred steers in a feeding trial with a $3{\times}2{\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The backgrounding and finishing diets contained barley grain and barley silage in ratios of 57.8:42.2 and 93.5:6.5 (DM basis), respectively. Added alone, none of the additives affected DM intake (p>0.1) in the backgrounding or in the finishing period, but interactive $M{\times}T$ effects were observed in the finishing period (p=0.02) and overall (p=0.04). In the finishing period, T without M tended to reduce DM intake (p=0.11), but T with M increased (p=0.05) DM intake. Monensin increased average daily gain (ADG) during backgrounding (p=0.07) and finishing (p=0.01), and this ionophore also improved overall feed efficiency (p=0.02). Warm carcass weight was increased (p<0.001) by M, but dressing percentage was reduced (p=0.07). In the backgrounding period, T increased ADG by 7% (p=0.06). Enzymes increased (p=0.07) ADG by 5 and 6% (low and high application rates, respectively) during backgrounding, but did not affect (p>0.10) ADG during finishing, or overall feed efficiency. Whereas T enhanced the positive effects of M on ADG during backgrounding (p=0.04) and overall (p=0.05), it had no impact (p>0.1) on the effects of E. Interactions between M and T suggest that the surfactant may have potential for enhancing the positive effects of monensin on beef production, but this requires further research.

Effect of Garlic Oil on Fatty Acid Accumulation and Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Differentiating Adipocytes

He, M.L.,Yang, W.Z.,You, J.S.,Chaves, A.V.,Mir, P.S.,Benchaar, C.,McAllister, T.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.12

Garlic oil (GAR, Allium sativum L.) has been studied as a feed additive to improve animal production performance and decrease methane emission in ruminants. The present study was designed to determine the possible effect of GAR on fatty acid composition and accumulation in animal fat tissue using a cell model. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at $2{\times}10^{4}\;mL^{-1}$ were seeded to 24-well plates and allowed to proliferate to reach confluence. The cells were then treated with media containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$ of GAR during the differentiation period for 8 days. Media containing dexamethasone, methyl-isobutylxanthine and insulin was applied during the first 2 days of the early differentiation period. On day 8 sub-sets of the wells were stained with oil red-O and the remaining cells were harvested for determination of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.8] (GPDH) activity (n = 6) and cellular fatty acid concentration (n = 6). It was found that supplementation of GAR increased (p<0.05) the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids in the adipocytes and showed inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the post-confluent proliferation. With relative low dosage, GAR (5-20 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) increased (p<0.05) the GPDH activity without affecting the cellular fatty acid concentration, while a high dosage (40 $\mu{g}$ $mL^{-1}$) inhibited (p<0.05) fatty acid accumulation and decreased GPDH activity. Supplementation of GAR had an effect on cell post-confluent proliferation, differentiation and fatty acid accumulation. However, the effect may be diverse and depends on the dose applied.

Effects of Micronization on the In situ and In vitro Digestion of Cereal Grains

McAllister, T.A.,Sultana, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.7

The effects of micronization on in situ and in vitro nutrient disappearances of wheat, barley and corn were investigated in a series of experiments. In Experiment 1, chemical composition and in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) of six varieties of wheat were determined. In addition, an in vitro study was completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). In Experiment 2, three varieties of wheat (Kansas, Sceptre and Laura) and in Experiment 3, three cereal grains (wheat, barley and corn) were either micronized for 1 min to attain internal kernel temperatures of 90-100$^{\circ}C$ or not (controls), and DM, protein and starch disappearances were estimated. In Experiment 2, an in vitro study was also completed using ground micronized and unmicronized wheat (var. Kansas). Wheat samples varied with respect to crude protein (10.0-21.2%), starch (61.6-73.9%), NDF (8.5-11.8%), volume weight (753-842 g/L) and kernel hardness (0.0-32.0). Rate (p = 0.003) and extent (p = 0.001) of in situ DMD differed among wheat varieties. Correlations between in situ kinetics, and chemical and physical properties of wheat varieties showed that protein content was negatively correlated with the rate of disappearance ($r^2$ = -0.77). Micronization of all grains markedly reduced (p = 0.001) the rate and extent of DM, and protein disappearances as compared to control samples. Micronization increased (p<0.05) the digestion of starch in wheat. However, release of ammonia into the incubation medium was markedly reduced (p<0.05), suggesting that micronization increased the resistance of protein to microbial digestion. Disappearances of DM, protein and starch differed (p = 0.001) among cereal grains with wheat>barley>corn. Micronization reduced the rate of DM disappearance (p = 0.011) and slowly degradable protein fractions (p = 0.03), however, increased (p = 0.004) slowly degradable starch fractions of all three cereals. Examination of in situ samples by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that microbial colonization focused on starch granules in micronized grains, and that the protein matrix exhibited resistance to microbial colonization. These results suggest that micronization may be used to increase the ruminal escape value of protein in cereal grains, but may lead to increased starch digestion if grains are finely ground.

THE EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE ON THE IN VITRO DIGESTION OF BARLEY STARCH

McAllister, T.A.,Rode, L.M.,Cheng, K.J.,Buchanan-Smith, J.G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

A Cross-Cultural Examination of Breath and Sound Production in Pansori

McAllister-Viel, T. 한국예술종합학교 연극원 2000 화술 자료집 Vol.1 No.-

요컨대, 판소리와 서구의 무대발성법은 서구훈련의 호흠의 "중심잡기" (링클레이터와 베리의 방법)와 비교되는 유사한 호흡법과 "단전"으로부터 올라오는 "통성"이라는 유사한 발성을 하는 것으로 보인다. 그들은 내쉬기 방법은 다르지만 유사한 들이쉬기 방법을 쓰고 있다. 내쉬는 숨을 소리로 전환할 때 판소리와 서구발성법의 차이는 긴장의 이용, 공명통, 바람직한 음역, 각 문화의 미학에서 오는 것으로 보인다. 판소리의 미학은 발성훈련(산중훈련)과 공연(후두발성)에 영향을 주면서 "소리"의 바람직한 "굵은 목소리"를 낳는다. "소리"를 내는 과정에서 개발된 소리의 단절은 흉성과 두성 사이의 공간을 이용해서 가슴 아픈, 슬픈 화성을 내는데 이용된다. 판소리 연회자에게 있어 훈련 중에 하게 되는 "무리한 발성"은 인물창조와 감정의 발성폭을 방해하는 것이 아니라 오히려 그것을 돕는 목소리의 단련과정으로 간주된다. 판소리에 있어 소리의 아름다움은 긴장에서 오지만 서구 연기자들에게 있어 긴장은 풍부한 공명음을 내는데 필요한 진동음을 "죽인다". (링클레이터, 41) 박이 지적하고 있듯이 "가창예술로서의 판소리는, 서구의 고전적인 성악이 자체의 미학을 드러내려고 노력하는 것과 마찬가지로 판소리의 발성법으로 그 자신만의 고유한 미학을 충실하게 해석하려고 노력한다는 점에서 유일한 예는 아니다. (266)" 호흡과 발성 분야(음의 고저, 음색, 조음점, 공명)의 판소리의 훈련방법을 서구인에게 익숙한 발성훈련의 "용어"로 번역함으로써 서구인들이 이 한국의 전통예술형태를 좀 더 잘 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 그러면 한국배우와 서구배우 모두, 문화간의 상호영향과 교류를 의미하는 발성법에 대한 다문화 접근으로부터 도움을 받을 수 있을 것이다. 발성용어를 "번역"할 때, 서구인들은 다른 문화에서 중요시되는 발성훈련법을 폄하하지 않는 용어로 "번역"될 필요가 있는 "무리한 발성" 같은 용어를 쓰지 않도록 조심해야 한다. 호흡과 발성의 다문화적인 접근방식을 모색하고 있는 한국예술종합학교의 노력은 동서의 방법론을 통합하고자 하는 다른 발성훈련 프로그램의 청사진이 될 수도 있을 것이다. The goal of this article is to compare and contrast breath and sound produciton techniques used by contemporary Pansori artists with breath and sound production techniques used by contemporary Western actors, specifically the Western vocla training techniques of Kristin Linklater and Cicely Berry. It is the author's intent to support the intercultural exploration of both techniques already in progress at such esteemed institutions of higher learning as The Koran National University of Arts in Seoul, Korea. The rise of Linklater/Berry techniques within the Korean professional theatre community prompted this author to focus on Linklater and Berry as representatives of Western vocla training techniques. Teh Korean National University of the Arts has employed both methodologies in training undergraduate and graduate actors enrooled in the School of Drama. Also, Cicely Berry has taught voice workshops for the past two years in Seoul, Korea, invited by the Seoul International Theatre Festival. Thus, Berry's work and Western vocal training techniques are becoming familiar to professional Korean actors who may not be students or alumni of The Korean National University of Arts. Of the many notable Korean traditional vocal art forms, the author chose to focus on Pansori in part because undergraduate and graduate actors at The Korean National University of Arts are currently required to take both Pansori vacal training and Western vocal training techniques simultaneously. This creates the unique opportunity to examine the intercultural exchange that can occur by creating an environment of transference. In order for Westerners to understand and appreciate Pansori, the author has used contemporary Western vocal training vocabylary to "translate" the breath and sound produciton of pansori into terms which Western theatre voice professionals would be familiar. While "translating", the author realized that certain Western terms did not adequately describe pansori vocal technique and sometimes colored the methodology in a negative light. As a result, the author made an effort to divest the judgment from the Western terminology and emphasize the different value system by which each training methodology fulfills it's artistic and cultural aesthetic. The introduciton is designed to give Western readers a historical understanding of pansori and its cultural importance to Korea. It also informs the Western reader of the general form and content of pansori performance. Next, the paper details pansori traditional and contemporary vocal training techniques, including mountain training, and compares this methodology with the historic and contemporary use fo vocal training techniques in the West. The paper then compares the breath (inhalation and exhalation), pitch range, and resonation differences between pansori and Linklater/Berry contrasting the different ways in which both methodologies approach tension in breath and sound production. The paper concludes by emphasizing the author's sincere hope that both Korean and Western cultures will benefit from the pioneering efforts of The Korean National University of the Arts and Korean professional theatre artists as they strive to cultivate the literal voice of Korea in vocla training methodology.

A REVIEW OF THE MICROBIAL DIGESTION OF FEED PARTICLES IN THE RUMEN

McAllister, T.A.,Bae, H.D.,Yanke, L.J.,Cheng, K.J.,Ha, J.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.3

Microbial digestion of feed in the rumen involves a sequential attack culminating in the formation of fermentation products and microbial cells that can be utilized by the host animal. Most feeds are protected by a cuticular layer which is in effect a microbial barrier that must be penetrated or circumvented for digestion to proceed. Microorganisms gain access to digestible inner plant tissues through damage to the cuticle, or via natural cell openings (e.g., stomata) and commence digestion from within the feed particles. Primary colonizing bacteria adhere to specific substrates, divide to form sister cells and the resultant microcolonies release soluble substrates which attract additional microorganisms to the digestion site. These newly attracted microorganisms associate with primary colonizers to form complex multi-species consortia. Within the consortia, microorganisms combine their metabolic activities to produce the diversity of enzymes required to digest complex substrates (e.g., cellulose, starch, protein) which comprise plant tissues. Feed characteristics that inhibit the microbial processes of penetration, colonization and consortia formation can have a profound effect on the rate and extent of feed digestion in the rumen. Strategies such as feed processing or plant breeding which are aimed at manipulating feed digestion must be based on an understanding of these basic microbial processes and their concerted roles in feed digestion in the rumen.

Rumen Microbes, Enzymes and Feed Digestion-A Review

Wang, Y.,McAllister, T.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.11

Ruminant animals develop a diverse and sophisticated microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs. Plant cell walls are complex and their structures are not fully understood, but it is generally believed that the chemical properties of some plant cell wall compounds and the cross-linked three-dimensional matrix of polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic compounds limit digestion of cell wall polysaccharides by ruminal microbes. Three adaptive strategies have been identified in the ruminal ecosystem for degrading plant cell walls: production of the full slate of enzymes required to cleave the numerous bonds within cell walls; attachment and colonization of feed particles; and synergetic interactions among ruminal species. Nonetheless, digestion of fibrous feeds remains incomplete, and numerous research attempts have been made to increase this extent of digestion. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) have been used successfully in monogastric animal production for some time. The possibility of adapting EFE as feed additives for ruminants is under intensive study. To date, animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to differences in enzyme source, application method, and types of diets and livestock. Currently available information suggests delivery of EFE by applying them to feed offers the best chance to increase ruminal digestion. The general tendency of EFE to increase rate, but not extent, of fibre digestion indicates that the products currently on the market for ruminants may not be introducing novel enzyme activities into the rumen. Recent research suggests that cleavage of esterified linkages (e.g., acetylesterase, ferulic acid esterase) within the plant cell wall matrix may be the key to increasing the extent of cell wall digestion in the rumen. Thus, a crucial ingredient in an effective enzyme additive for ruminants may be an as yet undetermined esterase that may not be included, quantified or listed in the majority of available enzyme preparations. Identifying these pivotal enzyme(s) and using biotechnology to enhance their production is necessary for long term improvements in feed digestion using EFE. Pretreating fibrous feeds with alkali in addition to EFE also shows promise for improving the efficacy of enzyme supplements.

Effect of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Buffered Propionic Acid on Preservation and Nutritive Value of Alfalfa and Timothy High-moisture Hay

Baah, J.,McAllister, T.A.,Bos, L.,Herk, F. Van,Charley, R.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.5

The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and buffered propionic acid on preservation, intake and digestibility of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and timothy (Phleum pratense) hay were investigated. During baling, forages were treated with L. buchneri 40788 (1.2${\times}$10$^6$ CFU/g) as a liquid (LLB) or as a granular preparation (GLB), with buffered propionic acid (10 mL/kg, BPA), or left untreated (control). Triplicate 500 kg round bales of each treatment were put up at two moisture levels for each forage: 17%${\pm}$0.33% and 20%${\pm}$0.30% for timothy and 17%${\pm}$0.20% and 19%${\pm}$0.27% for alfalfa (mean${\pm}$SD). Bales were sampled for chemical and microbiological analyses after 0, 30 and 60 d of storage. Compared to controls, all preservatives reduced (p<0.05) heating of both forages at all moisture levels with the exception of alfalfa baled at 19% moisture. After 60 d of storage, GLB reduced (p<0.05) moulds in 17% timothy hay as compared to other treatments, but at 20% moisture, moulds were reduced in LLB- and BPA-treated timothy as compared to controls. In alfalfa at 17% moisture, total bacteria were lower (p<0.05) in GLB-treated bales than LLB or control bales, but yeast and total bacteria were only reduced in BPA-treated alfalfa at 19% moisture. In situ DM disappearance of timothy (both moisture levels) and alfalfa (19% moisture level) increased (p<0.05) with LLB treatment compared to control. Digestibility of both forages did not differ (p>0.05) among treatments, however, voluntary DM intake of LLB-treated timothy (1.32 kg/d) was 22.3% higher (p<0.05) than control, and 14.1% higher than BPA-treated timothy. Treating timothy and alfalfa hay with L. buchneri 40788 or buffered propionic acid may improve the nutritive value of the hay when baled at 17 to 20% moisture.

반추위내 사료소화에 있어 미생물의 역활과 이의 조절

티 . 에이 . 멕칼리스터(T . A . McAllister),배희동(H . D . Bae),케이 . 제이 . 쳉(K . J . Cheng) 한국영양사료학회 1993 제5회 사료가공 단기과정 Vol.- No.-

Effects of Microbial Inoculants on the Fermentation, Nutrient Retention, and Aerobic Stability of Barley Silage

Zahiroddini, H.,Baah, J.,McAllister, T.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

Fermentation characteristics, nutrient retention and aerobic stability of barley silages prepared using 6 commercial inoculants were evaluated using 126 mini-silos (3-L) in a completely randomized design. Whole barley forage was chopped, wilted to 39% DM and treated with water (control, S) or one of six inoculants: A (containing Lactobacillus plantarum); B (L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium); C (L. plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae); D (L. plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii, plus hydrolytic enzymes); E (Lactobacillus buchneri plus hydrolytic enzymes); F (L. buchneri and P. pentosaceus plus hydrolytic enzymes). Samples of treated forage were collected for analysis at the time of ensiling, and then 18 silos of each treatment were filled, capped and weighed. Triplicate silos were weighed and opened after 1, 3, 5, 7, 33, and 61 d. On d 61, $400{\pm}5g$ of material from each silo was placed in 1-L styrofoam containers, covered with cheesecloth and held at room temperature. Silage temperature was recorded hourly for 14 d via implanted thermocouple probes. Chemical composition of the forage at ensiling was consistent with previously reported values. At d 61, pH was lowest (p<0.01) in silage S. Ammonia-N was lower (p<0.05) in silage A than in silages S, B, E, or F. Compared to pre-ensiling values, water soluble carbohydrate concentrations were elevated in silages S, A, B, C and D, and decreased in E and F. Lactic acid concentrations were similar (p>0.10) across treatments. Acetic acid levels were highest (p<0.01) in silage E and lowest (p<0.01) in silage D. Recovery of DM was lower (p<0.01) in silage F than in silages S, A, B, C, or D. On d 61, yeasts were most numerous (p<0.01) in silage D, which was the only silage in which temperature rose more than $2^{\circ}C$ above ambient during aerobic exposure. Silage D also had the highest (p<0.01) pH and ADIN content after aerobic exposure. Lactic acid and WSC content of silage D decreased dramatically during the 14-d aerobic exposure period. Yeast counts (at d 14 of exposure) were lowest (p<0.01) in silages E and F. In general, the commercial inoculants did not appear to enhance the fermentation of barley silage to any appreciable extent in laboratory silos.