종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 비판적 고찰

박성주 ( Park¸ Sungjoo ) 한국체육학회 2021 한국체육학회지 Vol.60 No.2

이 논문의 목적은 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 근거가 과연 정당한 것인지 비판적으로 검토하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적을 위해, 먼저 일반적인 폭력의 개념과 스포츠 속 폭력 개념의 차이를 파악해보고, 스포츠 속 폭력의 정당화에 관한 주요 이론과 쟁점을 고찰하였다. 다음으로 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 스포츠철학자들의 주요 문헌들을 고찰함으로써 옹호하는 입장과 비판하는 입장의 바탕이 되는 가치이론이 무엇인지에 대해 살펴보았다. 끝으로 종합격투기는 본질적으로 부도덕하다는 Dixon의 주장들의 타당성 여부를 비평하고 그 근거의 논리적 문제점을 지적하였다. 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 핵심은 의도를 가지고 상대를 다치게 하려는 종합격투기 선수들의 행동이 필연적으로 인간의 존엄성을 침범하는가, 아니면 상대를 목적으로 존중하는 것과 양립 가능한 맥락이 존재하는가이다. 본고는 종합격투기 선수들의 자발적 동의에 의한 태도와 행동은 서로를 목적으로 존중하는 것과 일치하기에 도덕적으로 허용 가능함을 주장하였다. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine whether the basis for the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts is justified. For this purpose, the difference between the concept of violence in general and the concept of violence in sport was examined, and the main theories and issues on the justification of violence in sports were reviewed. Next, by examining literature by sport philosophers on the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts, the value theory underpinning each position that supports or criticizes mixed martial arts was reviewed. Finally, the validity of Dixon’s argument that mixed martial arts are inherently immoral, along with the logical problem of Dixon’s basis, was pointed out. The key to the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts is whether the intentional and injurious action inevitably violates human dignity, or whether there is a context where such action can be compatible with respecting one’s opponent as an end. This paper argues that the attitude and behaviors of mixed martial arts athletes founded upon voluntary consent are morally acceptable because they are consistent with respecting each other as an end.

n- and p-Type Doping Phenomenon by Artificial DNA and M-DNA on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Park, Hyung-Youl,Dugasani, Sreekantha Reddy,Kang, Dong-Ho,Jeon, Jeaho,Jang, Sung Kyu,Lee, Sungjoo,Roh, Yonghan,Park, Sung Ha,Park, Jin-Hong American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.11

<P>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanotechnology holds great potential for the development of extremely small devices with increasingly complex functionality. However, most current research related to DNA is limited to crystal growth and synthesis. In addition, since controllable doping methods like ion implantation can cause fatal crystal damage to 2D TMD materials, it is very hard to achieve a low-level doping concentration (nondegenerate regime) on TMD in the present state of technology. Here, we report a nondegenerate doping phenomenon for TMD materials (MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, which represent n- and p-channel materials, respectively) using DNA and slightly modified DNA by metal ions (Zn<SUP>2+</SUP>, Ni<SUP>2+</SUP>, Co<SUP>2+</SUP>, and Cu<SUP>2+</SUP>), named as M-DNA. This study is an example of interdisciplinary convergence research between DNA nanotechnology and TMD-based 2D device technology. The phosphate backbone (PO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>) in DNA attracts and holds hole carriers in the TMD region, n-doping the TMD films. Conversely, M-DNA nanostructures, which are functionalized by intercalating metal ions, have positive dipole moments and consequently reduce the electron carrier density of TMD materials, resulting in p-doping phenomenon. N-doping by DNA occurs at ∼6.4 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and ∼7.3 × 10<SUP>9</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, which is uniform across the TMD area. p-Doping which is uniformly achieved by M-DNA occurs between 2.3 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 5.5 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and between 2.4 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 5.0 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on WSe<SUB>2</SUB>. These doping levels are in the nondegenerate regime, allowing for the proper design of performance parameters of TMD-based electronic and optoelectronic devices (<I>V</I><SUB>TH</SUB>, on-/off-currents, field-effect mobility, photoresponsivity, and detectivity). In addition, by controlling the metal ions used, the p-doping level of TMD materials, which also influences their performance parameters, can be controlled. This interdisciplinary convergence research will allow for the successful integration of future layered semiconductor devices requiring extremely small and very complicated structures.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-11/nn5048712/production/images/medium/nn-2014-048712_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn5048712'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopy-assisted Percutaneous Gastrostomy in Infants and Small Children Weighing less than 5kg

Sungjoo Park,Jeong-Meen Seo,Min-Jung Bang,Won Tae Kim,Sanghoon Lee 대한외과학회 2022 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2022 No.11

Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques and Increased Plasma Level of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Park, Haing Kee,Park, Eui-Chul,Bae, Sung Won,Park, Mi Young,Kim, Seon Woon,Yoo, Hwan Soo,Tudev, Munkhtsetseg,Ko, Young Hye,Choi, Yoon-Ho,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Dong-Ik,Kim, Young Wook,Lee, Byung Boong,Yoon American Heart Association 2006 Circulation Vol.114 No.9

<P>BACKGROUND: We intended to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS: Comparative 2-dimensional electrophoretic analysis on carotid atherosclerotic endarterectomy specimens (n = 10) revealed that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression was significantly increased in the nearby normal-appearing area compared with the plaque core area from the same vessel specimen, which was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. The Hsp27 expression in the adjacent normal-appearing vessel areas was much higher than that in nonatherosclerotic reference arteries. The phosphorylation of Hsp27 showed a gradation in the degree of phosphorylation: greatest in the reference arteries, intermediate in the adjacent normal-appearing area, and lowest in plaque core area. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the phosphorylation of Hsp27 of smooth muscle cells in the carotid endarterectomy specimens was decreased compared with that in the reference artery specimen. The mean plasma level of Hsp27 was significantly higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 27; 106.1 +/- 74.1 ng/mL) than in the normal reference subjects (n = 29; 45.8 +/- 29.5 ng/mL; P < 0.005). The plasma levels of Hsp27 were significantly correlated with those of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) (r = 0.422, P < 0.0005), with adjustment for ACS/reference status. CONCLUSIONS: In the atherosclerotic lesion, Hsp27 expression is increased in the normal-appearing vessel adjacent to atherosclerotic plaque, whereas levels in the plaque itself are significantly decreased. Both plaque and adjacent artery show decreased Hsp27 phosphorylation compared with reference vessel. In ACS, plasma Hsp27 and Hsp70 are increased, and levels of Hsp27 correlate with Hsp70, C-reactive protein, and CD40L levels.</P>

Wide-Range Controllable n-Doping of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) through Thermal and Optical Activation

Park, Hyung-Youl,Lim, Myung-Hoon,Jeon, Jeaho,Yoo, Gwangwe,Kang, Dong-Ho,Jang, Sung Kyu,Jeon, Min Hwan,Lee, Youngbin,Cho, Jeong Ho,Yeom, Geun Young,Jung, Woo-Shik,Lee, Jaeho,Park, Seongjun,Lee, Sungjoo American Chemical Society 2015 ACS NANO Vol.9 No.3

<P>Despite growing interest in doping two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for future layered semiconductor devices, controllability is currently limited to only heavy doping (degenerate regime). This causes 2D materials to act as metallic layers, and an ion implantation technique with precise doping controllability is not available for these materials (<I>e</I>.<I>g</I>., MoS<SUB>2</SUB>, MoSe<SUB>2</SUB>, WS<SUB>2</SUB>, WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, graphene). Since adjustment of the electrical and optical properties of 2D materials is possible within a light (nondegenerate) doping regime, a wide-range doping capability including nondegenerate and degenerate regimes is a critical aspect of the design and fabrication of 2D TMD-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate a wide-range controllable n-doping method on a 2D TMD material (exfoliated trilayer and bulk MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) with the assistance of a phosphorus silicate glass (PSG) insulating layer, which has the broadest doping range among the results reported to date (between 3.6 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 8.3 × 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP><B>-</B>2</SUP>) and is also applicable to other 2D semiconductors. This is achieved through (1) a three-step process consisting of, first, dopant out-diffusion between 700 and 900 °C, second, thermal activation at 500 °C, and, third, optical activation above 5 μW steps and (2) weight percentage adjustment of P atoms in PSG (2 and 5 wt %). We anticipate our widely controllable n-doping method to be a starting point for the successful integration of future layered semiconductor devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2015/ancac3.2015.9.issue-3/acsnano.5b00153/production/images/medium/nn-2015-00153b_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn5b00153'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Genetic Modification Technology and Issues of Sport Ethics

( Sungjoo Park ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine issues of sport ethics in relation to the development of genetic modification technology and to suggest solutions to the problems posed by gene doping. Method: First, this study reviews literature in the fields of genetic engineering, philosophy, and bioethics in order to analyze what it means to enhance human abilities. Then, I move on to clarify the notion of gene doping as an application of this gene modification technology in sport. I go on to investigate what eminent philosophers, bioethicists, and bioengineers have said of the relationship between gene modification technology and morality in the light of reinforcement, therapy, justice, and human dignity and autonomy. I then scrutinize whether the medical-ethical approach to gene modification technology, that is, ethical norms of contemporary medical fields, can be applied to the field of sport or, whether sport should be viewed as a special moral practice untied by medicine. Last, this study finds out questions gene modification technology causes to sport, so as to propose strategic/institutional solutions to prevent important sporting values from being undermined. Result: This study hopes to provide a theoretical frame through which to analyze prior studies on the relationship between gene modification technology and morality undertaken in the fields of philosophy, bioethics, and genetic engineering, and to clarify issues of sport ethics presented by this technology. This theoretical frame will help study not only (gene) doping but the analysis of ethical problems of triumphalism as well, which pervades sport today. The questions identified in this study can also be used to develop sport policies. That is, they will help the government and sport institutions recognize future sporting problems and try to resolve them. Conclusion: The focus of this study lies on revealing what’s behind cons and pros of gene modification technology applied to sport. That is to say, this study examines the opposite views on the use of gene modification technology, why they clash with each other, why they reach different value judgments, what theory underpins such judgment. The discussion on these ethical issues should come first in order to discern sporting problems caused by gene doping and seek for preventive measures.

The Prevalence and Characteristics of Anemia after Intensive Care with a Restrictive Transfusion Strategy

Sungjoo Park(박성주),Chi-Min Park,Kyoung Won Yoon,Eunmi Gil,Keesang Yoo,Kyoung Jin Choi 대한외과학회 2021 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.5

유전자조작 기술과 스포츠윤리 쟁점 연구

박성주 ( Sungjoo Park ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2018 체육과학연구 Vol.29 No.2

[목적] 본 연구의 목적은 유전공학 기술을 통한 스포츠선수의 향상(enhancement)에 대한 윤리적 쟁점들을 비판적으로 분석함으로써 스포츠와 유전자조작에 대한 인식의 전환을 꾀하고, 유전자 도핑의 윤리적 논의를 위한 이론적 기반과 이에 대처하기 위한 바람직한 방향을 제시하는 데 있다. [방법] 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해, 국내외 저명한 철학자, 의료윤리학자, 체육학자들이 유전공학과 도덕성의 관계에 대하여 어떻게 분석하고 설명했는지를 고찰하고, 이를 토대로 스포츠에서 유전공학 기술의 사용에 관한 찬성자와 반대자가 내세우는 쟁점들을 비판적으로 분석함으로써, 왜 극명하게 대조되는 입장이 존재하는지, 그리고 이들 각 입장의 바탕이 되는 가치이론이 무엇인지에 대해 면밀히 검토하였다. [결과] 본 연구는 유전자조작 기술이 스포츠에 사용되는 것에 관하여 공정성, 강요, 존엄성과 자율성이라는 세 가지 주요 쟁점을 도출하고, 각 쟁점에 대한 문헌 분석과 철학적 고찰을 통하여 유전자조작 규제를 위한 기존의 주장과 근거에는 논리적 모순점이 있음을 지적하였다. [결론] 유전자조작 기술에 대한 선입견이나 막연한 두려움에서가 아닌 구체적으로 어떤 부분이 장점이 될 수 있고, 어떤 부분이 윤리적으로 문제가 될 수 있는지에 관해 매우 신중하게 살펴보아야 하며, 스포츠에서 유전자조작 기술의 사용을 규제하기 위해서는 보다 설득력 있는 윤리적 틀과 현실적인 논거들이 다양하게 확보되어야 할 것이다. [Purpose] This study analyzes ethical issues about genetic technology used for the enhancement of athletes. In so doing, this study aims to rethink gene manipulation in sports and suggest theoretical groundwork for an ethical discussion of gene doping, as well as providing some guidelines. [Methods] For this purpose, this study looks at the relationship between genetic engineering and morality as discussed by eminent domestic and international philosophers, medical ethicists, and scholars of sport studies. Then, the pros and cons of the use of genetic engineering in sport are analyzed to show the different values embedded in each of the opposite positions. [Results] This study identifies three points of debate: fairness, coercion, dignity and autonomy. Through a literary and philosophical review, it is revealed that prior criticism against gene manipulation has logical loopholes. [Conclusions] Rather than approaching the issue with groundless fear and prejudice, it is necessary to look into its benefits and ethical problems in detail. In addition, better equipped ethical as well as practical grounds are required to control the introduction of gene doping technology.

스포츠 속 부정행위의 개념적 모호성에 관한 소고

박성주 ( Sungjoo Park ) 한국스포츠정책과학원 2021 체육과학연구 Vol.32 No.4

[목적] 이 논문의 목적은 스포츠에서는 어떤 행위가 부정행위라고 하더라도 그 행위에 대한 도덕적 비난의 근거가 너무나 애매하고 모호함을 증명함으로써 스포츠 속 행위에 관한 도덕적 평가의 근거는 스포츠공동체 내부의 윤리적 관습에서 찾아야 함을 논구하는 데 있다.[방법] 이러한 목적을 위해, 먼저 스포츠에서 허용되는 행위와 허용되지 않는 행위는 어떻게 구별할 수 있는지, 스포츠에서 도덕적 행위란 정확히 무엇인지, 그리고 무엇을 근거로 행위에 대한 도덕적 비난 혹은 칭찬을 부과할 수 있는지에 관해 살펴봄으로써 스포츠 규범의 복합성과 모호성을 파악하였다. 다음으로 저명한 도덕철학자들과 스포츠철학자들의 부정행위 개념에 관한 논의를 비판적으로 고찰함으로써 부정행위의 개념 자체는 스포츠 속 부정행위 식별을 위한 유용한 도덕적 나침반을 갖고 있지 않다는 것을 논증하였다. 끝으로 스포츠공동체가 특정 방식으로 행위의 규범적 자격을 정당화하기 위해 사용하는 실천적 이유가 스포츠 관행이 생산하는 실천적 이유로부터 분리될 수 없는 까닭을 구명하였다.[결과] 본고는 스포츠에서의 부정행위는 개념의 지위나 자격을 갖고 있지 않기에 스포츠 속 윤리적 행위에 대한 평가는 스포츠 자체 입법화된 관습적 규범을 그 출발점과 윤리적 근거로 삼아야 한다고 주장하였다.[결론] 따라서 경기장에서 벌어진 행위가 윤리적으로 정당했는지에 대한 규범적 평가는 스포츠 외부의 독립적인 이성에 기반한 철학적 검증에 의존하기보다 스포츠공동체 내부에 작동 중인 관습적이고 평가적인 관점에서 다루어져야 한다. PURPOSE This study aims to show that the ground for moral condemnation for an act, including cheating, is too vague and ambiguous in sports. Further, in sports, such condemnation and moral assessment must be found in ethical conventions within sports communities. METHODS I discuss how to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable conduct in sports―what exactly is a moral action in sports, and on what basis moral condemnation or praise can be imposed on an action. These are discussed to understand the complexity and ambiguity of sports norms. Next, by examining the concept of cheating offered by prominent moral philosophers and sports philosophers, I argue that the concept of cheating does not have a useful moral compass for identifying cheating in sports. Finally, I show that the practical reasons used by sports communities to justify the normative qualification of actions in a specific way cannot be separated from the practical reasons produced by sports practices. RESULTS I argue that, since cheating in sports does not have the status or qualification of a concept, the evaluation of ethical behavior in sports should be based on the conventional norms instituted within the realm of sport as its starting point and moral basis. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the normative evaluation of whether an action in sports has been ethically justified should be undertaken from a conventional evaluative perspective operating within the sports community rather than relying on a philosophical verification based on independent reason outside sports.

트랜스젠더의 스포츠 접근권에 관한 윤리적 고찰

박성주 ( Park Sungjoo ) 한국체육학회 2020 한국체육학회지 Vol.59 No.6

이 논문의 목적은 트랜스젠더 여성의 스포츠 참가에 관한 윤리적 쟁점을 분석하고 트랜스젠더 여성이 젠더 정체성에 따라 경쟁하도록 허용되어야 하는 당위성을 제시하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해, 우선 트랜스젠더 선수에 관한 논쟁은 성별에 의한 스포츠 분리 논쟁과 맞물려 있기에 남녀 스포츠 분리를 주장하는 입장과 통합을 주장하는 입장을 각각 살펴보고, 이 두 입장의 바탕이 되는 가치이론이 무엇인지에 대해 고찰하였다. 다음으로, 스포츠에서 트랜스젠더 선수와 관련된 이슈와 쟁점을 설명하였다. 끝으로, 트랜스젠더 여성이 여성스포츠 부문에서 경쟁하는 것에 반대하는 입장을 살펴보고, 그러한 주장의 근거로 제시하는 스포츠 본질에 대한 개념, 즉 스포츠의 기술원칙과 공정성이론을 비판적으로 분석하였다. 이러한 주장은 트랜스젠더 여성을 배제시키는 이유로서 타당성과 일관성이 결여되어 있다는 것이 본 논문의 결론이다. 트랜스젠더 여성 선수들을 배제시키는 근거는 스포츠 본질에 대한 그릇된 생각에서 나오며, 이 생각은 스포츠를 동등한 경쟁자들의 비교 테스트로만 보는 편협한 관점에 머물러 있기 때문이다. 이러한 편협한 관점으로 인해 스포츠는 특정개인에게 부당한 특권을 주거나 다른 이를 아예 배제하는 수단으로 전락하기도 한다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ethical issues of transgender female athletes competing in the women’s sport sector, and then to present the justification that transgender women should be allowed to compete according to their gender identity. In order to achieve this goal, first, since the debate on transgender athletes is intertwined with the debate on segregation of sport by gender, the position that argues for gender segregation and integration, as well as the value theory underlying these positions, will be examined. Next, I will explain the issues related to transgender athletes and why they cause controversy. Finally, by examining the arguments against the competition of transgender women in the women’s sport, and by critiquing the nature of sport presented as the basis for such arguments, that is, the skill thesis and the theory of fairness, this paper will show that these arguments lack validity and consistency as a reason for excluding transgender female athletes. My argument is that the basis for excluding transgender female athletes comes from a misconception about the nature of the sport, which views sport only as a comparative test of equal competitors. Because of this idea, I would argue, when deciding whether an athlete can participate or not, or determining the manners of participation, sport becomes a means of giving unfair privileges to certain individuals and penalizing or excluding others.