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Pain-Relieving Effects of mTOR Inhibitor in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Neuropathic Rats
Um, Sun Woo,Kim, Min Jee,Leem, Joong Woo,Bai, Sun Joon,Lee, Bae Hwan Springer US 2019 Molecular Neurobiology Vol.56 No.4
<P>The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a well-known brain area that is associated with pain perception. Previous studies reported that the ACC has a specific role in the emotional processing of pain. Chronic pain is characterized by long-term potentiation that is induced in pain pathways and contributes to hyperalgesia caused by peripheral nerve injury. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which is involved in synaptic protein synthesis, could be a key factor controlling long-term potentiation in neuropathic pain conditions. Until now, there have been no reports that studied the role of mTOR signaling in the ACC involved in neuropathic pain. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship of mTOR signaling in the ACC and neuropathic pain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cannula implantation and nerve injury under pentobarbital anesthesia. Microinjection with rapamycin into the ACC was conducted under isoflurane anesthesia on postoperative day (POD) 7. A behavioral test was performed to evaluate mechanical allodynia, and optical imaging was conducted to observe the neuronal responses of the ACC to peripheral stimulation. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin reduced mechanical allodynia, down-regulated mTOR signaling in the ACC, and diminished the expressions of synaptic proteins which are involved in excitatory signaling, thereby reducing neuropathic pain-induced synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that inhibiting mTOR activity by rapamycin in the ACC could serve as a new strategy for treating or managing neuropathic pain before it develops into chronic pain.</P>
Um, Hae Young,Kong, Hyun Gi,Lee, Hyoung Ju,Choi, Hye Kyung,Park, Eun Jin,Kim, Sun Tae,Murugiyan, Senthilkumar,Chung, Eunsook,Kang, Kyu Young,Lee, Seon-Woo The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2013 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.29 No.4
Environmental stresses induce several plant pathogenic bacteria into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, but the basis for VBNC is largely uncharacterized. We investigated the physiology and morphology of the copper-induced VBNC state in the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in liquid microcosm. Supplementation of $200{\mu}M$ copper sulfate to the liquid microcosm completely suppressed bacterial colony formation on culture media; however, LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability staining showed that the bacterial cells maintained viability, and that the viable cells contain higher level of DNA. Based on electron microscopic observations, the bacterial cells in the VBNC state were unchanged in size, but heavily aggregated and surrounded by an unknown extracellular material. Cellular ribosome contents, however, were less, resulting in a reduction of the total RNA in VBNC cells. Proteome comparison and reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that the Dps protein production was up-regulated at the transcriptional level and that 2 catalases/peroxidases were present at lower level in VBNC cells. Cell aggregation and elevated levels of Dps protein are typical oxidative stress responses. $H_2O_2$ levels also increased in VBNC cells, which could result if catalase/peroxidase levels are reduced. Some of phenotypic changes in VBNC cells of R. solanacearum could be an oxidative stress response due to $H_2O_2$ accumulation. This report is the first of the distinct phenotypic changes in cells of R. solanacearum in the VBNC state.
A Gene-Networked Gel Matrix-Supported Lipid Bilayer as a Synthetic Nucleus System
Bae, Sun Ju,Song, Woo Chul,Jung, Sung Hwan,Cho, Seung-Woo,Kim, Dong-Ik,Um, Soong Ho American Chemical Society 2012 Langmuir Vol.28 No.49
<P>A spheroidal transgene-networked gel matrix was designed as a synthetic nucleus system. It was spheroidically manufactured using both advanced lithography and DNA nanotechnology. Stable Aqueorea coerulescens green fluorescent protein (AcGFP)-encoding gene cross-networks have been optimized in various parameters: the number of gene-networked gel (G-net-gel) spheroids, the concentration of a AcGFP plasmid in the scaffold, and the molar ratio between the X-DNA building blocks and the gene. It was then assessed that 800 units of the gene networked gel matrix at a 4000:1 molar ratio of X-DNA blocks and AcGFP gene components accomplished 20-fold enhanced in vitro protein expression efficiency for 36 h. Furthermore, once with lipid capping, it reproduced the natural nucleus system, demonstrating the 2-fold increased levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) relative to solution phase vectors.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/langd5/2012/langd5.2012.28.issue-49/la303498k/production/images/medium/la-2012-03498k_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/la303498k'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>