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ASTAS: Architecture for Scalable and Transparent Anycast Services
Stevens, Tim,De Leenheer, Marc,Develder, Chris,De Turck, Filip,Dhoedt, Bart,Demeester, Piet The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2007 Journal of communications and networks Vol.9 No.4
Native information provider(IP) anycast suffers from routing scalability issues and the lack of stateful communication support. For this reason, we propose architecture for scalable and transparent anycast services(ASTAS), a proxy-based architecture that provides support for stateful anycast communications, while retaining the transparency offered by native anycast. Dynamic resource assignment for each initiated session guarantees that a connection is established with the most suitable target server, based on network and server conditions. Traffic engineering in the overlay can be realized in an effective way due to the dissemination of aggregated state information in the anycast overlay. To minimize the total deployment cost for ASTAS architectures, we propose optimized proxy placement and path finding heuristics based on look-ahead information gathered in network nodes. Contrary to a regular integer linear program(ILP) formulation, these heuristics allow to optimize proxy placement in large networks. A use case on a European reference network illustrates that lower proxy costs enable proxy deployment closer to the end-users, resulting in a reduced network load.
Stevens, David A.,Hamilton, John R.,Johnson, Nancy,Kim, Kwang Kyu,Lee, Jung-Sook Lippincott WilliamsWilkins, Inc. 2009 Medicine Vol.88 No.4
ABSTRACT: Our Renal Care Center (RCC) is a separate building, performing almost 2500 outpatient dialysis runs per month. In May 2007, 2 patients developed, days apart, bacteremia with an apparently identical nonfermentative Gram-negative rod. Because of difficulty identifying the organism, testing in the Biolog system identified them as a Halomonas species. Sequencing of ∼1500 bases of the 16S rRNA gene in both organisms in 3 reference laboratories confirmed, searching against 3 databases, that the organisms were identical and were Halomonas species. There were 54 recognized species of this genus, associated with marine or saline sites. Initial attempts at environmental isolation as primary cultures, including a 4% salt agar plate, or initial incubation in 6.5% salt broth enrichment culture with subculture to agar, to exploit the halophilicity of Halomonas, were successful in demonstrating the colonies seen in the blood cultures, only from sites not contaminated with other organisms, because of competing growth. A more selective method was developed for use on samples suspected to be heavily contaminated with other organisms, using the strategy of increased salt concentration in a broth enrichment culture to further exploit Halomonas halotolerance, and thereby inhibit other organisms. A 16.5% salt concentration in brain-heart infusion broth, incubated at 35°C for 48-72 hours, then subcultured to agar plates incubated in room air at 35°C, proved optimal for selection and secondary isolation. With a combination of these techniques, 14/15 cultures of dialysates and 10/38 from the outflow pathways of the machines were Halomonas positive, compared to 0/31 cultures from the inflow side of the machines (including water supplies and storing, mixing, and preparation tanks). The exception was sites associated with or downstream of bicarbonate influx, 12/54 of which were positive. Two other local hospitals' dialysis centers, and our own inpatient dialysis facility, were cultured at sites that yielded Halomonas from our RCC, and Halomonas was not isolated. Further study by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization revealed the cultures represented 3 novel species: 1 (H. stevensii sp. nov.) in the patients and environment and 2 (H. hamiltonii sp. nov., H. johnsoniae sp. nov.) in the environment, most closely related to H. magadiensis. Of 35 speciated isolates, 22 were H. stevensii, 10 H. johnsoniae, and 3 H. hamiltonii. We hypothesize that the RCC became contaminated with these halophilic organisms from bicarbonate used to prepare dialysis fluid, and they persist despite cleaning and flushing procedures because of biofilm in machines and bicarbonate fluid inflow sites. Our experience, together with the review of the literature presented here, indicates the genus Halomonas has pathogenic potential.
Parkin loss leads to PARIS-dependent declines in mitochondrial mass and respiration
Stevens, Daniel A.,Lee, Yunjong,Kang, Ho Chul,Lee, Byoung Dae,Lee, Yun-Il,Bower, Aaron,Jiang, Haisong,Kang, Sung-Ung,Andrabi, Shaida A.,Dawson, Valina L.,Shin, Joo-Ho,Dawson, Ted M. National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.37
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Mutations or inactivation of parkin causes Parkinson’s disease (PD) in humans. Recent studies have focused on parkin’s role in mitochondrial quality control in the pathogenesis of PD, including defects in mitophagy, mitochondrial fission, fusion, and transport. This study shows that parkin also controls mitochondrial biogenesis and that defects in mitochondrial biogenesis drive the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons due to the absence of parkin. The findings support the role of parkin in regulating multiple arms of mitochondrial quality control and suggest that maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis is critically important in the survival of DA neurons.</P><P>Mutations in parkin lead to early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD) and inactivation of parkin is thought to contribute to sporadic PD. Adult knockout of parkin in the ventral midbrain of mice leads to an age-dependent loss of dopamine neurons that is dependent on the accumulation of parkin interacting substrate (PARIS), zinc finger protein 746 (ZNF746), and its transcriptional repression of PGC-1α. Here we show that adult knockout of parkin in mouse ventral midbrain leads to decreases in mitochondrial size, number, and protein markers consistent with a defect in mitochondrial biogenesis. This decrease in mitochondrial mass is prevented by short hairpin RNA knockdown of PARIS. PARIS overexpression in mouse ventral midbrain leads to decreases in mitochondrial number and protein markers and PGC-1α–dependent deficits in mitochondrial respiration. Taken together, these results suggest that parkin loss impairs mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to declining function of the mitochondrial pool and cell death.</P>
Ashley Stevens Chenn,Hyunhwan Aiden Lee,Sze Man Chong,Juyeun Jang,Chung-Wha Chloe Ki 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) exploded onto the global digital landscape in 2020, spurred by pandemic-related lockdowns and government stimulus (Ossinger, 2021). An NFT is a unit of data stored on a blockchain that represents or authenticates digital or physical items (Nadini, 2021). Since it resides on a blockchain, NFTs carry the benefits of decentralization, anti-tampering, and traceability (Joy et al., 2022). Fashion brands quickly capitalized on these features, launching fashion NFT collections and garnering significant profits from the sale of fashion NFTs in 2021 (Zhao, 2021). For example, Nike’s December 2021 acquisition of RTFKT (pronounced “artifact”) resulted in USD 185 million in sales less than a year after their acquisition (Marr, 2022).