http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Stephen Siu Yu Lau, Jun Salie Wang, Lam Leslie Lu The University of Seoul 2003 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
Population wise, Hong Kong has too many people on too small a physical entity - 1,075 square kilometers divided by as many as 240 no. Islands. Natural resources-wise, Hong Kong has too little to offer, as almost all its agricultural lands have been converted into building land, leaving no alternative but to import drinking water and daily supplies from across the Hong Kong-Mainland border on a daily basis. Insatiable demands for housing due to an ever-increasing population growth left the government with little options but to embark on an unprecedented urban form of hyper-density. In 1997, the Hong Kong government commissioned a study known as Sustainable Development for the 21st Century in Hong Kong (SUSDEV 21). The Study jump-started the city`s participation in a worldwide endeavor to embrace sustainable development. The three years expedition guided the city through a world tour and studies on sustainable development from an international frontier, regional frontier, to a local frontier, and ended with a definition of sustainable development for Hong Kong, as well as a policy-making mechanism to achieve sustainability. Institutional efforts to promote sustainability has been complimented by efforts from professionals in the construction and building sector in an equally thorough and holistic manner, which include law-enforcers, developers, architects and builders. This paper presents a critical review and insight into recent works by each of the players mentioned in the text.
Genesis of a Vertical City in Hong Kong
Lau, Stephen S.Y.,Zhang, Qianning Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2015 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.4 No.2
A vertical city with multifunctional land use turns out to be the most viable solution for an urban condition characterized by increasing density due to population expansion, topographical limitation of buildable land, economic development and the pursuit for collective sustainable living, such as in Hong Kong. This paper presents initial research results from a study on the chronological and typological evolution of tall buildings in the city, from the climate-responsive verandah typology to the mixed-use hyper-commercial podium and residential tower typologies that predominate today, to the ultimate formation of a vertical city. Case studies and surveys have focused on the development of this building typology throughout the decades since the 1920s, substantiating a discussion on the subjective and objective factors contributing to a genesis of the vertical city phenomenon in Hong Kong. The discussion will engage, under the notion of the vertical city, on how residents and visitors adapt to the growing density of the city, and how they accustom themselves to the changing urban morphology over time. Advantages such as high efficiency, spaces savings, time convenience, etc.; and disadvantages such as deficiency in livability, incompatibility of uses, environmental health deficiencies, etc.; serve as a reference for other cities in need of high-density planning due to population and economic growth.
Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha, Lau, Stephen Siu Yu, K.W. Chau., Sivaguru Ganesan 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2007 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
The study uses a sample of FIRB sector firms in Hong Kong to examine some aspects of firm dynamics and characteristics. The most important finding from the model is that usage of information technology (IT) is one of the key factors that explain the variation of growth of modern firms. It also finds that firm size is an important determinant of firm growth: the smaller the firm size, the greater the firm growth. Gilbrat’s Law therefore fails, and this finding is consistent with pioneering works of Evans (1987) and Hall (1987). Indicating a close relationship between the usage of IT and the increasing trend of knowledge-based employees in firms, it is also found that skilled employees exert a relatively positive influence on the growth of firm. This finding may be indicative of the situation where new working practices such as team working is practiced, where group space is important rather than permanent territorial offices, where groups of skilled professionals can work together with relatively efficient space usage. Results, however, confirm that location of the firm does not play an important role for the growth.
Growth of Advanced Service Firms and Usage of Quality Office Space : The Case of Hong Kong
Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha, Lau. Stephen Siu Yu, Sivaguru Ganesan, Kwok Chun Wong, Chau Kwong Wing 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2007 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
This paper examines the impact of the expanding service sector in Hong Kong upon the increasing quality of office space demanded. Two measures are used to represent quality: increased usage of IT facilities in offices; and increased space per employee. The main result is that there is a significant correlation between growth of the service sector, as represented by the FIRB sector, and demand for better quality space. However, not all of the firms in the FIRB sector use/demand high quality space. The finance, business services and technology firms in Hong Kong have invested relatively heavily in IT facilities, and have also gained a higher growth relative to those with less investment in IT. Insurance and real estate firms use relatively less IT facilities. Growth of the service sector has also influenced the space usage pattern in Hong Kong. The causality analysis shows that provision of higher quality office space attracts new users.
Growth of Service Firms and Its Impact on Office Location : The Case of Hong Kong
Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha, Lau Stephen Siu Yu 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2007 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
Changes in locations of FIRE and business services firms in Hong Kong during 1980-2000 could be characterized by trends of both centralization and decentralization. A heavy concentration of finance firms in the CBD is highly significant, implying the presence of strong forces promoting the spatial concentration of the finance firms. Insurance and business service firms tend to locate mainly in areas adjoining the CBD in order to enjoy the externalities or support services, which CBD offers. Volatility in rents has also provided opportunities for firms to relocate within the CBD at lower cost. In contrast, real estate firms tend to decentralize away from Hong Kong Island due to cheaper rents. The important finding of the sample survey analysis is that non-traditional factors such as office buildings with IT facilities have emerged as dominant factors determining choice of location. For instance, during the survey period, finance firms considered office buildings with IT facilities as the most important factor, while business service firms considered sufficient floor-space as the second most important factor after rent in choosing the present location.
Woei Jye Lau,Gwo-Sung Lai,Jian-xin Li,Stephen Gray,Yunxia Hu,Nurasyikin Misdan,PEI SEAN GOH,Takeshi Matsuura,Ihsan Wan Azelee,Ahmad Fauzi Ismail 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.77 No.-
Polyamide thinfilm composite (TFC) membranes are state-of-the-art membranes with superiorpermeability and selectivity, and are widely used in various membrane-based processes for desalination,wastewater treatment and other separation applications. Over the past 15 years, there has been growinginterest among membrane scientists to study the role of the polymeric substrates and perform in-depthanalyses on how changes in the substrate physicochemical properties could affect polyamide layer structureand thus membrane performance. Recent advancements in new polymeric materials development andnanomaterial synthesis have led to opportunities for new generation substrate development. Consideringthe importance of TFC membranes for industrial separation process, this review will give a state-of-the-artaccount of the subject matter by emphasizing substrates made by different techniques and variousmaterials. More specifically, the article will review the roles of the developed substrates on thephysiochemical properties of polyamide selective layer and further their influences on TFC membraneperformance for both pressure-driven (nanofiltration/reverse osmosis) and osmotically-driven (forwardosmosis/pressure retarded osmosis) processes, aiming to stimulate progress in thefield. A framework forbetter understanding the substrate development to fulfill the industrial requirements of TFC membraneapplication will also be presented in this review before ending with future perspectives.
Causality Relationship between Housing Prices and Construction Costs
Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha,Stephen S.Y. Lau 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2008 도시과학국제저널 Vol.12 No.2
The present study hypothesizes that the relationship between housing prices and construction costs is a dynamic long-term relationship. Results from an error correction model (ECM) and a standard causality model support the hypothesis that it is a lead-lag relationship. Results also suggest that construction costs do not lead to changes in housing prices, instead housing prices lead to changes in construction costs. The ECM result also suggests that the Hong Kong housing market is efficient because deviations between construction costs and housing prices disappear in the long-term equilibrium. If there is a short-run housing price shock, it is able to make quick adjustments and return to the long-term equilibrium level. This finding provides new insight into the housing market analysis, especially with respect to the supply side.
Wadu Mesthrige Jayantha, Sivaguru Ganesan, Stephen Siu Yu Lau, Kwok Chun Wong. Chau Kwong Wing 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2006 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
This paper presents new empirical evidence about the determinants of space per employee in office sector firms in Hong Kong. The paper hypothesises that usage of technological equipment and facilities lead to increase the space per employee ratio, apart from other factors identified in literature. The above hypothesis was tested through a regression model and an ANOVA analysis based on a sample survey of FIRE and business service sector firms in Hong Kong. The growth in the use of technological equipment and facilities exert a strong positive influence on space usage per employee. In Hong Kong, significant differences in the floor space per employee ratio are seen across different firms: financial and business service sector firms use relatively larger amounts of floor-space per employee compared to all other sub sectors. The overall explanatory power of the regression model was somewhat limited; this indicates that factors related to business organisation and work patterns, land supply and building densities, construction productivity and cost, and other location related factors, should also be studied in order to understand overall trends in space usage per employee.