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Martin, Marie-Blandine,Dlubak, Bruno,Weatherup, Robert S.,Yang, Heejun,Deranlot, Cyrile,Bouzehouane, Karim,Petroff, Fré,dé,ric,Anane, Abdelmadjid,Hofmann, Stephan,Robertson, John,Fert, Alb American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.8
<P/><P>We report on the successful integration of low-cost, conformal, and versatile atomic layer deposited (ALD) dielectric in Ni–Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>–Co magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) where the Ni is coated with a spin-filtering graphene membrane. The ALD tunnel barriers, as thin as 0.6 nm, are grown layer-by-layer in a simple, low-vacuum, ozone-based process, which yields high-quality electron-transport barriers as revealed by tunneling characterization. Even under these relaxed conditions, including air exposure of the interfaces, a significant tunnel magnetoresistance is measured highlighting the robustness of the process. The spin-filtering effect of graphene is enhanced, leading to an almost fully inversed spin polarization for the Ni electrode of −42%. This unlocks the potential of ALD for spintronics with conformal, layer-by-layer control of tunnel barriers in magnetic tunnel junctions toward low-cost fabrication and down-scaling of tunnel resistances.</P>
Lionel FOURMENT,Richard DUCLOUX,Stephane MARIE,Mohsen EJDAY,Dominique MONNEREAU,Thomas MASSE,Pierre MONTMITONNET 한국소성가공학회 2010 기타자료 Vol.2010 No.6
The use of material processing numerical simulation allows a strategy of trial and error to improve virtual processes without incurring material costs or interrupting production and therefore save a lot of money, but it requires user time to analyze the results, adjust the operating conditions and restart the simulation. Automatic optimization is the perfect complement to simulation. Evolutionary Algorithm coupled with metamodelling makes it possible to obtain industrially relevant results on a very large range of applications within a few tens of simulations and without any specific automatic optimization technique knowledge. Ten industrial partners have been selected to cover the different area of the mechanical forging industry and provide different examples of the forming simulation tools. It aims to demonstrate that it is possible to obtain industrially relevant results on a very large range of applications within a few tens of simulations and without any specific automatic optimization technique knowledge. The large computational time is handled by a metamodel approach. It allows interpolating the objective function on the entire parameter space by only knowing the exact function values at a reduced number of “master points”. Two algorithms are used: an evolution strategy combined with a Kriging metamodel and a genetic algorithm combined with a Meshless Finite Difference Method. The later approach is extended to multi-objective optimization. The set of solutions, which corresponds to the best possible compromises between the different objectives, is then computed in the same way. The population based approach allows using the parallel capabilities of the utilized computer with a high efficiency. An optimization module, fully embedded within the Forge2009 IHM, makes possible to cover all the defined examples, and the use of new multi-core hardware to compute several simulations at the same time reduces the needed time dramatically. The presented examples demonstrate the method versatility. They include billet shape optimization of a common rail, the cogging of a bar and a wire drawing problem.
Rentenberger Colleen,Okano Ichiro,Salzmann Stephan N.,Shirahata Toshiyuki,Reisener Marie-Jacqueline,Shue Jennifer,Sama Andrew A.,Cammisa Frank P.,Girardi Federico P.,Hughes Alexander P. 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.2
Study Design: Retrospective clinical study. Purpose: To describe postoperative height changes and identify the predictive factors of spinal height (SH) changes among patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) who underwent circumferential lumbar fusion with instrumentation. Overview of Literature: Postoperative height changes remain an important issue after spinal fusion surgery that affects the overall satisfaction with surgery. Previous studies of postoperative height change have focused exclusively on young patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and imaging data of ASD patients who underwent lumbar corrective circumferential fusion of ≥3 levels (n=106). SH was defined as the vertical distance between C2 and S1 on a standing lateral image. As potential predictors of postoperative height change, the number of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) levels, change in spino-pelvic parameters, total number of levels fused, and pedicle subtraction osteotomies (PSO) were documented. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of postoperative height change. Results: The mean SH change was −2.39±50.8 mm (range, −160 to 172 mm). The univariate analyses showed that the number of LLIF levels (coefficient=10.9, p =0.03), the absolute coronal vertical axis change (coefficient=0.6, p =0.01), and the absolute Cobb angle change (coefficient=−0.9, p =0.03) were significant predictors for height change. Patients with PSOs (n=14) tended to have a shorter height postoperatively (coefficient=−26.1); however, this difference was not significant (p =0.07). Multivariate analyses conducted with variables of p <0.20 showed that pelvic tilt (PT) change is an independent contributor to SH change (coefficient=−0.99, p =0.04, R2 =0.11). Conclusions: Utilizing a modified definition of SH used in previous AIS studies, we demonstrated that patients with ASD lose SH postoperatively and that PT change was an independent contributor of SH change.
Sarret, Gé,raldine,Harada, Emiko,Choi, Yong-Eui,Isaure, Marie-Pierre,Geoffroy, Nicolas,Fakra, Sirine,Marcus, Matthew A,Birschwilks, Mandy,Clemens, Stephan,Manceau, Alain American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - Vol.141 No.3
<P>Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) plants were exposed to toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Zn exposure resulted in toxicity signs in plants, and these damages were partly reduced by a calcium (Ca) supplement. Confocal imaging of intracellular Zn using Zinquin showed that Zn was preferentially accumulated in trichomes. Exposure to Zn and Zn + Ca increased the trichome density and induced the production of Ca/Zn mineral grains on the head cells of trichomes. These grains were aggregates of submicrometer-sized crystals and poorly crystalline material and contained Ca as major element, along with subordinate amounts of Zn, manganese, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium. Micro x-ray diffraction revealed that the large majority of the grains were composed essentially of metal-substituted calcite (CaCO3). CaCO3 polymorphs (aragonite and vaterite) and CaC2O4 (Ca oxalate) mono- and dihydrate also were identified, either as an admixture to calcite or in separate grains. Some grains did not diffract, although they contained Ca, suggesting the presence of amorphous form of Ca. The presence of Zn-substituted calcite was confirmed by Zn K-edge micro-extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Zn bound to organic compounds and Zn-containing silica and phosphate were also identified by this technique. The proportion of Zn-substituted calcite relative to the other species increased with Ca exposure. The production of Zn-containing biogenic calcite and other Zn compounds through the trichomes is a novel mechanism involved in Zn detoxification. This study illustrates the potential of laterally resolved x-ray synchrotron radiation techniques to study biomineralization and metal homeostasis processes in plants.</P>