http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Localization and persistence of hepatitis A virus in artificially contaminated oysters
Park, Hyunkyung,Jung, Soontag,Shin, Hansaem,Ha, Sang-Do,Park, Tae Jung,Park, Jong Pil,Seo, Dong Joo,Choi, Changsun Elsevier 2019 International journal of food microbiology Vol.299 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bivalve molluscan shellfish, such as oysters, clams, and cockles, are well-recognized as vectors that concentrate foodborne pathogens by filter feeding. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution and persistence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated oysters that were either fed or not fed with algae. Oysters were experimentally contaminated with HAV and maintained in depuration conditions. qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and <I>in situ</I> hybridization (ISH) were performed on oyster samples collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-inoculation. When HAV-contaminated oysters were depurated for 7 days, HAV was detected in 91.1–97.8% of the digestive glands and gills. While the high viral load in the digestive glands in oysters did not change significantly regardless of algae-feeding, the viral load of the gills gradually decreased in both groups during the depuration. HAV antigen and RNA were detected in the digestive diverticula and connective tissues by both IHC and ISH. HAV was detected in the stomach, intestine, and gills by only ISH. The distribution of HAV in various oyster tissues may explain the persistence of contamination in oysters during the depuration process.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> High titer of HAV was accumulated in the digestive gland and gills of oysters. </LI> <LI> HAV capsid was localized in the hemocyte and digestive gland by immunohistochemistry. </LI> <LI> HAV RNA was visualized in the hemocytes and digestive gland by <I>in situ</I> hybridization. </LI> <LI> HAV was persistently detected in oysters for 7 days under depuration condition. </LI> </UL> </P>
Shin, Hansaem,Park, Hyunkyung,Seo, Dong Joo,Jung, Soontag,Yeo, Daseul,Wang, Zhaoqi,Park, Ki Hwan,Choi, Changsun Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers 2019 Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Vol.16 No.6
<P> Contamination of fresh vegetables and berries with human enteric viruses is a major cause of food poisoning. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of norovirus GI, norovirus GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, and male-specific coliphage systematically in fresh fruit and vegetables and associated agricultural environmental samples, including irrigation water, soil, and worker's gloves. Enteric viruses were detected by international standard methods (ISO/TS 15216), and male-specific coliphages were isolated using US EPA Method 1601. For the study, 773 samples were collected from June 2016 to April 2017, including Chinese cabbage (n=244), cucumber (n=98), lettuce (n=73), strawberry (n=120), soil (n=191), irrigation water (n=14), and gloves (n=27). Two cucumber and two irrigation water samples were positive for norovirus GI, and one cucumber and two irrigation water samples were positive for norovirus GII. HAV was detected in one strawberry sample and one glove sample. The other tested foodborne viruses were not detected in any of the samples. Sixteen male-specific coliphages were isolated from Chinese cabbage, cucumber, lettuce, cherry tomato, soil, and irrigation water. The isolation of male-specific coliphage would be more practical to investigate the fecal contamination in produce rather than pathogenic viruses. </P>
Sangyun Kim,Ji-Seong Jeong,Woojin Kim,Onju Ham,Yixian Quah,Soontag Jung,Dong-Ju Park,Min Jae Kim,Byung-Cheol Han,Eunji Kim,Seung-Jin Lee,Wook-Joon Yu 고려인삼학회 2024 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.48 No.3
Background: Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a product from ginseng roots, which is enriched with ginsenosides and has been utilized for a long time as an adaptogen to alleviate various physiological or disease conditions. While KRG is generally considered safe, conducting a thorough toxicological assessment of the spray-dried powder G1899 during the juvenile period is essential to establish its safety profile. This study aimed to assess the safety of G1899 during the juvenile period using Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Two studies were conducted separately: a juvenile toxicity study and a uterotrophic bioassay. To assess the potential toxicity at systemic, postnatal developmental, and reproductive levels, G1899 was orally gavaged once a day in post-weaning juvenile Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 0, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day. Estrogenicity was assessed by orally gavaging G1899 in immature female SD rats at 0, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg/day on postnatal days (PND) 19-21, followed by a uterotrophic bioassay. These studies were conducted in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations and regulatory test guidelines. Results: Regarding juvenile toxicity, no abnormalities related to the G1899 treatment were observed in any group during the experiment. Moreover, no uterotrophic responses were observed in the dosed female group. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of G1899 was determined to be at least 5000 mg/kg/day for general systemic function, developmental/reproductive function, and estrogenic activity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that G1899 is not toxic to juveniles at doses of up to 5000 mg/kg/day.