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Electron transport mechanism of bathocuproine exciton blocking layer in organic photovoltaics
Lee, Jeihyun,Park, Soohyung,Lee, Younjoo,Kim, Hyein,Shin, Dongguen,Jeong, Junkyeong,Jeong, Kwangho,Cho, Sang Wan,Lee, Hyunbok,Yi, Yeonjin The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.18 No.7
<P>Efficient exciton management is a key issue to improve the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). It is well known that the insertion of an exciton blocking layer (ExBL) having a large band gap promotes the efficient dissociation of photogenerated excitons at the donor-acceptor interface. However, the large band gap induces an energy barrier which disrupts the charge transport. Therefore, building an adequate strategy based on the knowledge of the true charge transport mechanism is necessary. In this study, the true electron transport mechanism of a bathocuproine (BCP) ExBL in OPVs is comprehensively investigated by in situ ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, inverse photoemission spectroscopy, density functional theory calculation, and impedance spectroscopy. The chemical interaction between deposited Al and BCP induces new states within the band gap of BCP, so that electrons can transport through these new energy levels. Localized trap states are also formed upon the Al-BCP interaction. The activation energy of these traps is estimated with temperature-dependent conductance measurements to be 0.20 eV. The Al-BCP interaction induces both transport and trap levels in the energy gap of BCP and their interplay results in the electron transport observed.</P>
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Soohyung Lee,Inkyu Yoo,Jisoo Han,Hwanhee Jang,Minjeong Kim,Soogil Chae,Hakhyun Ka 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.41 No.2
Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are phenotypically and functionally specialized natural killer (NK) cells in the innate immune system. uNK cells are present at a high frequency in the uterine endometrium in humans and mice and have been shown to play a role both in regulating trophoblast invasion and in spiral artery remodeling. However, the function of uNK cells has not been well studied in pigs. Thus, to initiate the study on the role of uNK cells at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs, this study determined the expression of several NK cell markers, including natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 (NCR1), Fc fragment of IgG receptor III (FCGR3), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), perforin 1 (PRF1) and granzyme B (GZMB) in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. We obtained the endometrial tissues from gilts on day (D) 0, D3, D6, D9, D12, D15 and D18 of the estrous cycle and on D12, D15, D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy, and chorioallantoic tissues on D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of NCR1, FCGR3, NCAM1, PRF1 and GZMB mRNAs was detected in the uterine endometrial tissues. Levels of NCR1, FCGR3, PRF1 and GZMB mRNAs in the uterine endometrium were highest on D15 of pregnancy. Levels of NCR1 mRNA were decreased toward term pregnancy. FCGR3 mRNA levels were constant during mid pregnancy. Expression levels of PRF1 and GZMB mRNA during pregnancy showed a biphasic pattern with the highest levels on D15 and D60 of pregnancy. However, levels of NCAM1 mRNA were highest on D12 of the estrous cycle. RT-PCR analysis showed that NCAM1 mRNA, but not NCR1, FCGR3, PRF1 and GZMB mRNAs, was detectable in conceptus on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. Chorioallantoic tissues also expressed NK cell markers, except NCR1, with increasing levels of FCGR3, PRF1, and GZMB mRNAs and decreasing levels of NCAM1 mRNA toward term pregnancy. These results indicate that NK cell markers are expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a stage- and pregnancy status-dependent manner. NK cells may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating the endometrial immune environment in pigs. Further analysis of localization and function of NK cells at the maternal-conceptus interface is needed.
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Soohyung Lee,Yugyeong Cheon,Hakhyun Ka,Inkyu Yoo The Korean Society of Animal Reproduction and Biot 2022 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.37 No.4
The cellular communication network factor (CCN) family proteins regulate many biological events such as angiogenesis, tumor growth, placentation, implantation, and embryogenesis. The expression and function of CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 at the maternal-conceptus interface are established in humans and rodents, but little is known about the role of CCN4 to CCN6 in the reproductive organs in any other species. Several studies in transcriptome analysis in pigs have shown that the expression of CCN4 and CCN6 increases in the endometrium during early pregnancy. However, their expression, regulation, and function in the endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy have not been fully understood in pigs. Thus, we determined the expression, localization, and regulation of CCN4 and CCN6 during the estrous cycle and at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs. We found that the levels of CCN4, but not CCN6, changed during the estrous cycle. The levels of CCN4 were greater during mid- to late pregnancy than in the early stage, and the levels of CCN6 were greatest on Day 15 of pregnancy. CCN4 and CCN6 were detected in conceptus tissues during early pregnancy and in chorioallantoic tissues during the later stage of pregnancy. CCN4 mRNA was mainly localized to epithelial cells, CCN6 mRNAs to epithelial and stromal cells in the endometrium. In endometrial explant cultures, CCN4 expression was increased by progesterone, and CCN6 expression by interferon-𝛾. These results suggest that CCN4 and CCN6 may play roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy by regulating the endometrial epithelial cell functions in pigs.
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Soohyung Lee,Inkyu Yoo,Jisoo Han,Wonchul Jung,Hakhyun Ka 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2018 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.06
Estrogen is essential for reproductive processes such as maturation of ovarian follicles, embryo implantation, placentation, lactation, parturition, sexual differentiation, and sexual behavior in females. Generally estrogen binds to nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). Recently, novel estrogen receptor, G protein- coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), has been identified and shown to be expressed in the plasma membrane. However, the expression and regulation of GPER1 has not been determined in the female reproductive system in pigs. Thus, this study determined the expression of GPER1 in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. We obtained endometrial tissues from gilts on day (D) 0, D3, D6, D9, D12, D15 and D18 of the estrous cycle and on D12, D15, D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy, and chorioallantoic tissues on D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy. GPER1 mRNA was expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. During the estrous cycle, GPER1 expression was higher in diestrus and proestrus than in estrus and metestrus. During pregnancy, GPER1 mRNA was high during the preimplantation period and low during mid- to late pregnancy. Expression of GPER1 was significantly higher on D15 of the estrous cycle than D15 of pregnancy. RT-PCR analysis showed that GPER1 mRNA was not detectable in conceptus on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. In chorioallantoic tissues, GPER1 mRNA increased toward term pregnancy. Endometrial explant culture study showed that the expression of GPER1 mRNA was down-regulated by increasing doses of progesterone but not affected by estradiol. In situ hybridization analysis showed that GPER1 mRNA was localized to luminal epithelial cells in the endometrium on D15 of estrous cycle. These results indicate that GPER1 mRNA is expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a stage- and pregnancy status-dependent manner, suggesting that GPER1 may play an important role in mediating estrogen actions of the maternal-fetal interface in pigs. Further analysis of signaling pathway and function of GPER1 in the reproductive system is needed.
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Adsorption of acetaldehyde from air by activated carbon and carbon fibers
Soohyung Park,Muhammad Yaqub,Seunghan Lee,Wontae Lee 대한환경공학회 2022 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.27 No.2
The adsorption of acetaldehyde from air using various activated carbon and carbon fibers was investigated in this study. These adsorbents included activated carbon (AC), carbon fibers (CFs), activated carbon fibers (ACFs), and metal-coated carbon fibers (MCCFs) supplied by different manufacturers. AC was categorized as AC₁, AC₂, AC₃, and AC₄, CFs were denoted as ACF₁, while ACFs and MCCFs were expressed as ACF₂ and ACF₃, respectively. Five composite materials were prepared using the AC and ACFs in different ratios, and experiments were conducted to assess their acetaldehyde adsorption efficiency under dry and wet conditions. The results showed that the acetaldehyde adsorption efficiency of an impregnated AC₄ was higher (95.9%) than that of both non-impregnated AC₁ and AC₃ and an impregnated AC₂ after 1 min of operation. ACF₂ showed a higher acetaldehyde adsorption efficiency (50.9%) as compared to ACF₁ and ACF₃ because of its larger surface area and selective absorption capability after 1 min of operation. A composite material comprising 6.3 g of AC₄ and 1 g of ACF₂ showed the highest adsorption efficiency of 97.9% under dry conditions. However, this adsorption efficiency significantly decreased under wet conditions.
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Does Ramadan Harm Infant Health? Evidence from Ethiopia
Lee Soohyung,Nam Minhyuk,Jeong Daeun,Lee Wonmoon 한국국제경제학회 2020 International Economic Journal Vol.34 No.4
We examine the impact of religious practices on human capital in the context of Ethiopia. We focus on Ramadan, which leads mothers to reduce nutritional intake during the daytime. By exploiting the variation in the extent to which infants were exposed to Ramadan, we estimate the relative disadvantage of Muslim children compared to their non-Muslim counterparts. We find that the exposure to Ramadan in the first trimester has a significant negative effect on the infants’ health outcomes, but not on later life outcomes.
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Soohyung Lee,Inkyu Yoo,Jisoo Han,Soogil Chae,Hakhyun Ka 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10
Estrogen plays a critical roles in may reproductive process such as maturation of ovarian follicles, embryo implantation, placentation, lactation, parturition, sexual differentiation, and sexual behavior in females. It is well known that estrogen binds to nuclear estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, which mediates the genomic signaling pathway. However, it has been shown that G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), one of the estrogen receptors, exists on the cell membrane and induces non-genomic action. In the mouse uterus, GPER1 is known to mediate oocyte maturation, endometrial cell growth and myometrial contraction. However, the expression and regulation of GPER1 has not been determined in the uterine endometrium in pigs. Thus, this study investigated expression of GPER1 in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. We obtained the endometrial tissues from gilts on day (D) 0, D3, D6, D9, D12, D15 and D18 of the estrous cycle and on D12, D15, D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy, and chorioallantoic tissues on D30, D60, D90 and D114 of pregnancy. GPER1 mRNA was expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. During the estrous cycle, levels of GPER1 mRNA in diestrus and proestrus were higher than those in estrus and metestrus. Levels of GPER1 mRNA on D15 of the estrous cycle was significantly higher than those on D15 of pregnancy. Levels of GPER1 mRNA decreased during mid- to late pregnancy. RT-PCR analysis showed that GPER1 mRNA was not detectable in conceptus on D12 and D15 of pregnancy. In the chorioallantoic tissues, GPER1 mRNA was expressed during mid- to term pregnancy and level of mRNA increased toward term pregnancy. Endometrial explant culture study showed that increasing doses of estradiol-17β did not affect the expression of GPER1, but increasing doses of progesterone down-regulated the expression of GPER1 mRNA. These results indicate that GPER1 mRNA is expressed in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a stage- and pregnancy status-dependent manner, suggesting that in addition to nuclear ERs, GPER1 may play an important role in the porcine uterus. Further analysis of localization and signaling pathway of GPER1 in the uterine endometrium is needed.
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Occurrence of Toxigenic Fusarium vorosii among Small Grain Cereals in Korea
Lee, Theresa,Paek, Ji-Seon,Lee, Kyung Ah,Lee, Soohyung,Choi, Jung-Hye,Ham, Hyeonheui,Hong, Sung Kee,Ryu, Jae-Gee The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2016 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.32 No.5
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) causes Fusarium head blight in small grain cereals. To date, four species (F. graminearum, F. asiaticum, F. boothii, and F. meridionale ) belonging to FGSC frequently occur in Korean cereals. In addition, we first reported the occurrence of additional species (F. vorosii ) within FGSC, which was isolated from barley, corn, and rice in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the Fusarium isolates of this group using combined multigene sequences confirmed species identification. Moreover, the macroconidia produced by these isolates were morphologically similar to those of the F. vorosii holotype. Chemical analysis indicated that the F. vorosii isolates produced various trichothecenes such as nivalenol and deoxynivalenol with their acetyl derivatives along with zearalenone. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that all of the F. vorosii isolates examined were pathogenic on barley, corn, and rice with variation in aggressiveness. This study is the first report of F. vorosii in Korean cereals, their pathogenicity towards barley and corn, and their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone.
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