The necessity and availability of noise-free daily satellite-observed NDVI during rapid phenological changes in terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia

Shin Nagai,Taku M. Saitoh,Rikie Suzuki,Kenlo Nishida Nasahara,이우균,손요환,Hiroyuki Muraoka 한국산림과학회 2011 Forest Science And Technology Vol.7 No.4

General, global, long-term, and comprehensive phenological observations are required to evaluate the variability of photosynthetic activities due to environmental changes in terrestrial ecosystems. The observation of seasonal changes and detection of interannual variation in canopy phenology over regional and global scales require satellite data with high temporal resolution (i.e. a daily time step). However, satellite data often include noise caused by snow cover on vegetation, cloud contamination, and atmospheric aerosols. To accurately detect the timing of leaf-expansion and leaf-fall, which occur rapidly, and their rates, it is necessary to examine the observational frequency of noise-free satellite-observed vegetation index data during each phenological period. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of the number of observational days (NUMdays) in the Terra/MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-observed daily high-quality normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIhigh) data with no effects of snow cover, cloud contamination, or atmospheric noise. These data were examined for each month over 10 years in the various ecosystems of East Asia. To ground-truth the relationship between the Terra/MODISobserved daily NDVIhigh data and canopy surface images, we performed a long-term continuous field study in a cooltemperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in central Japan. During the leaf-expansion and leaf-fall periods, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data in southern Russia, northeastern China, the Tibetan Plateau, Korea, and maritime Japan was about 3–7 for each month. The NUMdays for NDVIhigh data exceeded 10 for each month in arid regions during the growing season and in the subtropical region including northeastern India, Myanmar, and southwestern China during the dry season. In contrast, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data was almost 0 for each month in southeastern China throughout the year and in the subtropical region during the southeastern monsoon season (July and August). By considering observations from both the Terra/MODIS and Aqua/MODIS satellites, the NUMdays for NDVIhigh data in the deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan was increased by 40% compared with only Terra/MODIS satellite observations. Our findings indicate that daily NDVI data from multiple satellites detect the seasonal changes in the various ecosystems of East Asia more accurately than 8-day or biweekly composite NDVI data.

Vaginal Microbiota and Its Relation with Pregnancy Outcome in Post-Conization Patients

( Shin Hashiramoto ),( Tadatsugu Kinjo ),( Oki Yuji ),( Nana Yara ),( Yoshino Kinjyo ),( Yukiko Chinen ),( Yutaka Nagai ),( Keiko Mekaru ),( Yoichi Aokia ) 대한산부인과학회 2023 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.109 No.-

Seasonal variability of soil respiration in multiple ecosystems under the same physical–geographical environmental conditions in central Japan

Tomoharu Inoue,Shin Nagai,Shota Inoue,Masahiro Ozaki,Shohei Sakai,Hiroyuki Muraoka,Hiroshi Koizumi 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.2

We investigated the relationships between soil respiration and environmental factors during foliation and defoliation periods in three ecosystems under the same physical–geographical environmental conditions in central Japan. These ecosystems comprised deciduous broad-leaved forest (Quercus crispula dominated, site Q), deciduous needle-leaved forest (Larix kaempferi dominated, site L), and grassland (Zoysia japonica dominated, site Z). Field measurements of soil respiration were made using a closed chamber method with an infrared gas analyzer at monthly intervals in the snow-free seasons from May 2010 to November 2011. Soil respiration began to increase in May, peaked rapidly in summer (July to September), and decreased in November. The seasonal patterns of soil respiration and soil temperature were nearly parallel among the three sites, with one exception, which may have been caused by the decrease in soil water content during summer months (July to September). Although Q_10 values based on the entire measurement period in 2010 were roughly the same as those in 2011 at the three sites, there was a large difference in Q_10 between the foliation and defoliation periods in both years, especially at the two forest sites. These differences among the three sites may be caused by differences in soil temperature dynamics and precipitation activity. To better understand the relationship between soil respiration and environmental factors, continuous observations are needed of soil respiration, environmental factors, and biological activities both below ground and above ground under the same physical–geographical environmental conditions.

Power module Bridge Type Auxiliary Resonant AC Link Snubber-Assisted Three-Phase Soft Switching Inverter

Hisashi Iyomori,Shin-ichiro Nagai,Masanobu Yoshida,Eiji Hiraki,Mutsuo Nakaoka 전력전자학회 2004 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.4 No.2

This paper presents a novel three-phase power module bridge type auxiliary resonant AC link snubber for the three-phase voltage-fed sinwave soft switching PWM inverter operating under specific instantaneous space voltage vector modulation The operating principle of this resonant snubber is described for current source load model during one switching period, along with its design approach based on the simulation data The performance evaluations of space vector modulation three-phase sinewave soft switching inverter with a new three-phase active auxiliary resonant AC link snubber are discussed as compared with those of three-phase voltage source-fed sinewave hard switching PWM inverter with a standard space voltage vector modulation strategy The power loss analysis and conventional efficiency estimation of three-phase soft switching PWM inverter using IGBT modules are carried out including all the conduction power losses based upon the measured v-i characteristics of IGBT and its antiparallel diode as well as their switching losses

Three-Phase Soft Switching Sinewave Inverter with Bridge Powermodule Package Configurated Auxiliary Resonant AC Link Snubber

Hisashi Iyomori,Shin-ichiro Nagai,Kazuhiro Shiraishi,Tarek Ahmed,Hiraki Eiji,Nakoka Mutsuo 전력전자학회 2003 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.2003 No.7(2)

Abstract: This paper presents a novel prototype of the three~phase bridge power block module type auxiliary resonant AC link snubber circuit, which is effectively used for the three-phase voltage source type sinwave soft switching PWM inverter lising IGBTs Its operating principle is described for current source load model, along with its practical design approach based on the simulation data The performance evaluations of the three-phase voltage source type sinewave soft switching PWM inverter incorpoiating a single three-phase bridge module of active auxiliary resonant AC link snubber treated here is illustrated, which is concerned with power quality efficiency power loss analysLs This inverter is discussed a compared with those of the three-phase voltage source type sinewave hard switching PWM inverter The power loss analysis of this soft switching PWM inverter using IGBT power modules is evaluated on the basis of the measured V-I characteristics and switching power losses of IOBT, and antiparallel diodes The practical effectiveness of this inverter is proven by the power loss analysis for distributed power supply<br/>

Verruciform Xanthoma of the Oral Mucosa: An Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Two Cases

Nagatsuka, H,Murata, M,Shin, H.I,Choi, K.S,Nagai, N 경북대학교 의학연구소 1999 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.3 No.1

Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon beniㅎn lesion of unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. Two cases of verruciform xanthoma are presented together with an immunohistochemical and ultra-structural study. One case co-occurred with an odontogenic keratocyst which, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported and another case occurred on masticatory mucosa with an asympto-matic, granular exophytic lesion causing a cleft-like gingival recession. In an immunohistochemical study using antibodies to macrophage (CD 68[KP1]), alpha-1-antitrypsin, vimentin, desmin, keratin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein, the characteristic foam cells of verruciform xanthoma showed strong positive staining far CD 68[KPl] and vimentin and weak positive staining for a1pha-1-antitrypsin, while the other antibodies were negative. As in previous studies, S-100 protein positive dendritic cells were detected in lesional connective tissue. In addition, the ultrastructural findings revealed characteristics of macrophages containing varying sized lipid vacuoles and degen-erating epithelial cells. These findings suppotr the concepts that the foam cells in verruciform xan-thoma are of monocyte-macrophage lineage and that the epithelial degeneration from uncertain causes may be related to the pathogenesis of the lesion. ⓒ1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

IMPLICATIONS FOR MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE DESIGNING FROM THE FINDINGS OF BASIC LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN COGNITIVES

Hidekazu Yoshikawa,Hiroshi Shimoda,Shin-ichi Kojima,Yoshinori Nagai,Takehiko Nishio 제어로봇시스템학회 1990 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.1990 No.10

Examination of the extinction coefficient in the Beer–Lambert law for an accurate estimation of the forest canopy leaf area index

Taku M. Saitoh,Shin Nagai,Hibiki M. Noda,Hiroyuki Muraoka,Kenlo Nishida Nasahara 한국산림과학회 2012 Forest Science And Technology Vol.8 No.2

Leaf area index (LAI) is a crucial ecological parameter that represents canopy structure and controls many ecosystem functions and processes, but direct measurement and long-term monitoring of LAI are difficult, especially in forests. An indirect method to estimate the seasonal pattern of LAI in a given forest is to measure the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the canopy and then calculate LAI by the Beer–Lambert law. Use of this method requires an estimate of the PAR extinction coefficient (k), a parameter needed to calculate PAR attenuation. However, the determination of k itself requires direct measurement of LAI over seasons. Our goals were to determine (1) the best way to model k values that may vary seasonally in a forest, and (2) the sensitivity of estimates of canopy ecosystem functions to the errors in estimated LAI. We first analyzed the seasonal pattern of the ‘‘true’’ k (k_p) under cloudy and sunny conditions in a Japanese deciduous broadleaved forest by using the inverted form of the Beer–Lambert law with the true LAI and PAR. We next calculated the errors of PAR-based LAIs estimated with an assumed constant k (LAI_pred) and determined under what conditions we should expect k to be approximately constant during the growing period. Finally, we examined the effect of errors in LAI_pred on estimates of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem production (NEP), and latent heat flux (LE) calculated with a land-surface model using LAI_pred as an input parameter. During the growing period, cloudy kp varied from 0.47 to 1.12 and sunny kp from 0.45 to 1.59. Results suggest that the value of LAI_pred was adequately estimated with the k_p obtained under cloudy conditions during the fully-leaved period (0.53–0.57). However, LAI_pred was overestimated by up to 0.6 m2 m–2 inMay and November. The errors in LAIpred propagated to errors in modeled carbon and latent heat fluxes of –0.21 to 0.32 g C m^–2 day^–1 in GPP, –0.09 to 0.19 g C m^–2 day^–1 in NEP, and –3.2 to 3.9 Wm^–2 in LE, which is close to the measurement errors recognized in the tower flux measurement. LAI_pred estimated with an assumed constant k can be useful for some ecosystem studies as a second-best alternative if k is equated to the value of k_p measured under cloudy conditions especially during the fully-leaved period.

Implications For Man-Machine Interface Designing From the Findings of Basic Laboratory Experiments on Human Cognitives

Hidekazu Yoshikawa,Hiroshi Shimoda,Shin Ichi Kojima,Yoshinori Nagai,Takehiko Nishio 대한전자공학회 1990 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1990 No.01

Coptisine inhibits RANKL-induced NF-κB phosphorylation in osteoclast precursors and suppresses function through the regulation of RANKL and OPG gene expression in osteoblastic cells.

Lee, Ji-Won,Iwahashi, Ayumi,Hasegawa, Shin-ichi,Yonezawa, Takayuki,Jeon, Won Bae,Cha, Byung-Yoon,Nagai, Kazuo,Woo, Je-Tae Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2012 Journal of Natural Medicines Vol.66 No.1

<P>Excessive receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) signaling causes enhanced osteoclast formation and bone resorption. The downregulation of RANKL expression and its downstream signals may be an effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis. Here, we found that coptisine, one of the isoquinoline alkaloids from Coptidis Rhizoma, exhibited inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Although coptisine has been studied for its antipyretic, antiphotooxidative, dampness dispelling, antidote, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo, its effects on osteoclastogenesis have not been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of coptisine on osteoblastic cells as well as osteoclast precursors for osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The addition of coptisine to cocultures of mouse bone marrow cells and primary osteoblastic cells with 10(-8) M 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) caused significant inhibition of osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that coptisine inhibited RANKL gene expression and stimulated the osteoprotegerin gene expression induced by 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in osteoblastic cells. Coptisine strongly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation when added during the early stage of bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures, suggesting that it acts on osteoclast precursors to inhibit RANKL/RANK signaling. Among the RANK signaling pathways, coptisine inhibited NF-κB p65 phosphorylations, which are regulated in response to RANKL in BMMs. Coptisine also inhibited the RANKL-induced expression of NFATc1, which is a key transcription factor. In addition, 10 μM coptisine significantly inhibited both the survival of mature osteoclasts and their pit-forming activity in cocultures. Thus, coptisine has potential for the treatment or prevention of several bone diseases characterized by excessive bone destruction.</P>