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S. HONG,K. CHO,고병식 한국자동차공학회 2013 International journal of automotive technology Vol.14 No.3
This paper is to investigate the auditory recognition distance with several types of vehicles including two types of IC engine vehicle (diesel and gasoline), fully electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle. For this investigation, two experiments were performed. The first experiment was conducted with two low speeds (20 km/h and 30 km/h) on public road similar to proving ground in order to indicate whether a car comes to a subject with two age groups (above and below 60 years old). The second experiment was done on underground parking lot to detect whether there is a car or not when one of the vehicles is under engine/motor idle case. The distance between subject and car is defined as an auditory recognition distance. In addition to the mean value used usually in statistics, the mode value was introduced to represent the typical auditory recognition distance from both sets of experimental data.
항 - IgG 항체에 의한 차단형 TSH 수용체 항체의 자극형 항체로의 전환
송민호(Min Ho Shong),이가희(Ka Hee Yi),조보연(Bo Youn Cho),이홍규(Hong Kyu Lee),고창순(Chang Soon Koh),민헌기(Hun Ki Min),송영기(Young Kee Shong) 대한내과학회 1991 대한내과학회지 Vol.41 No.5
We examined the conversion phenomenon of thyrotropin rceptor-bound blocking type immunog-lobulin G to the stimulating type by antihuman IgG antibody for the evaluation of the mechanism involved in the conversion, in vitro. Blocking-type IgG was purified from a patient with primary myxedema. In the conversion experiment. FRTL-5 cells were first incubated with blocking-type lgG solution at 37°C for 30 min, then washed with Hanks Balanced Salt Solution and, secondly, incubated with the solution containing antihuman IgG antibody at 4°C for 1.5 h and then for 3 h at 37°C. The antihuman IgG antibody to the cell-bound blocking type IgG resulted in an increase of Camp production in a dose dependent manner. Of the several types of antihuman IgG antibodies tested, antibodies against F fragment and divalent Fab frament showed the most effective conversion, while the least effective were those against the F, fragment. IgG from patients with high titer of rheumatoid factor did not convert cell-bound blocking type IgG to the stimulating type. Antihuman IgG antibody did not interfere with the TBII activity of the blocking type IgG antibody did not interfere with the TBII activity of the blocking type IgG. Simultaneous addition of antihuman IgG antibody and TSH (0.1 Mu/ml) increased Camp production to a greater degree than the individual addition of either. These results suggest that blocking-type TSH receptor antibody and stimulating-type antibody bind to the similar epitope of TSH eceptor, and that IgG against TSH receptor antibodyr may also play a patho-physiological role in vivo.
Peroxiredoxins : Its pathophysiological roles in the treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseses
Shong, Minho,Kim, Ho,Lee, Tae-Hoon,Kim, Kang Hwa 이화여자대학교 세포신호전달연구센터 2001 고사리 세포신호전달 심포지움 Vol. No.3
Thyroid epithelial cells are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species because they produce a large amount of hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂) in response to thyrotropin. A high level of H₂O₂ can induce an oxidative stress response in thyrocytes which signals the cell nucleus to arrest growth and undergo apoptosis. Because H₂O₂ can directly damage DNA and other biological macromolecules, it has been suggested that thyrocytes should have mechanisms to control the intracellular level of H₂O₂. Although thyroid cells utilize several cellular defense systems against oxidative damage including antioxidant proteins, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione, the exact mechanisms involved in regulating intracellular H₂O₂ are not known. Peroxiredoxins(Prx) play an important role in regulating cellular differentiation and proliferation in several types of mammalian cells. One mechanism for this action involves modulation of hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂)-mediated cellular responses. This report examines the expression of PrxⅠ and PrxⅡ in thyroid cells and their roles in eliminating H₂O₂ produced in response to TSH. PrxⅠ and PrxⅡ are constitutively expressed in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. PrxⅠ expression, but not PrxⅡ expression, is stimulated by exposure to TSH and H₂O₂. In addition, methimazole(MMI) induces a high level of Prx I mRNA and protein in these cells. Overexpression of PrxⅠ and Prx II enhance the elimination of H₂O₂ produced by TSH in FRTL-5 cells. Treatment with 500μM H₂O₂ causes apoptosis in FRTL-5 cells as evidenced by standard assays of apoptosis(i.e., terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling(TUNEL), BAX expression and PARP cleavage. Overexpression of PrxⅠ and PrxⅡ reduces the amount of H₂O₂-induced apoptosis measured by these assays. These results suggest that PrxⅠ and PrxⅡ are involved in the removal of H₂O₂ in thyroid cells, and can protect these cells from undergoing apoptosis. These proteins are likely to be involved in the normal physiological response to TSH-induced production of H₂O₂ in thyroid cells. The antithyroid drug, methimazole(MMI) is used to treat patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. The major action of MMI is to inhibit synthesis of thyroid hormone in the thyroid gland. However, MMI also has antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects on thyrocytes and/or immune cells. This study identifies novel antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of MMI involving the IFN-γ signaling pathway in thyroid cells. MMI inhibits transcription of the ICAM-1 gene by modulating the function of transcription factor STAT1 which binds to the IFN-γ activated site of the ICAM-1 promoter. Furthermore, MMI rapidly eliminates H₂O₂ produced by IFN-γ treatment in thyroid cells, and thus inhibits the H₂O₂-mediated phosphorylation of tyrosine Y701 in STAT1. MMI also eliminates H₂O₂ in vitro. MMI facilitates electron transfer from NADPH to H₂O₂ using thioredoxin or glutathione, fulfilling a role similar to peroxiredoxin or glutathione peroxidase, respectively. MMI prevents the IFN-γ and H₂O₂-mediated reversible inactivation of phosphateases. These effects attenuates full activation of IFN-γ-induced JAK/STAT signaling pathway in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. These results may in part explain the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of MMI in thyroid cells of Graves' disease patients.
Formation of Germa-ketenimine on the Ge(100) Surface by Adsorption of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Isocyanide
Shong, Bonggeun,Yoo, Jong Suk,Sandoval, Tania E.,Bent, Stacey F. American Chemical Society 2017 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.139 No.25
<P>Reactions of the (100) surfaces of Ge and Si with organic molecules have been generally understood within the concept of 'dimers' formed by the 2 x 1 surface reconstruction. In this work, the adsorption of tent-butyl isocyanide on the Ge(100)-2 x 1 surface at large exposures is investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption experiments along with dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations is used to determine the surface products. Upon adsorption of a dense monolayer of tert-butyl isocyanide, a product whose structure resembles a germa-ketenimine (N=C=Ge) with sigma donation toward and pi back-donation from the Ge(100) surface appears. Formation of this structure involves divalent-type surface Ge atoms that arise from cleavage of the Ge(100)-2 x 1 surface dimers: Our results reveal an unprecedented class of reactions of organic molecules at the Ge(100) surface.</P>
The Determination of Career-Path and Occupational Segregation in the Labor Market
Shong, Il Ho 한국생산성학회 2002 THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY Vol.8 No.1
This paper presents a new definition of career-path based upon women's previous working history and their important characteristics related to the labor force participation. Unlike previous studies, a bivariate selectivity approach is used to estimate the earnings gap between female-dominated and other occupations for specific group of female labor market participants. Because of a different statistical technique, two important decisions for women who must decide before entering the labor market are considered, namely career-path and occupational segregation decisions. Because this approach corrects the possible selection bias, the estimates of wage equations are expected to be consistent. According to the empirical results from this study, the explanatory variables in wage equations cannot explain a large portion of the wage disparity between two types of occupations.