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S. SOYLU 한국자동차공학회 2014 International journal of automotive technology Vol.15 No.3
Engine load-speed frequency map of a hybrid city bus, which operates on the routes of Sakarya Municipality,was compared with that of European Transient Cycle (ETC) and World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC), which are thecertification test cycles. It was observed that the hybrid city bus engine operates mostly at three main regions, which are idling(30% load and 750 rpm), motoring (0% load and 1200 rpm) and high load (80% load and 1800 rpm) conditions under realworld urban driving conditions. However, engine load-speed frequency maps of the certification test cycles are significantlydifferent and cannot represent the real world urban driving conditions of the hybrid city bus. Therefore, the Particle Number(PN) emissions of the hybrid city bus were investigated under real world urban driving conditions. The aims of work were toexamine the effects of city bus hybridization on the particle emissions and develop PN emission factors. The PNconcentrations and size distributions together with engine operating conditions were measured with a Particle MeasurementProgram (PMP) compliant system, which involves a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a particle sizer (EEPS). Themeasurements under real world urban driving conditions indicated that the emission factors of the hybrid city bus for the PNand Total PN are 8.99E+12 and 2.51E+13 #/kW-h, respectively. The PN size distribution measurements indicated that theparticles up to approximately 20 nm are not very sensitive to changes in engine power and they are exist even during motoringconditions. But, the particles in the size range from 20 to 200 nm are very sensitive to sudden changes of the engine power.