Application of portable digital radiography for dental investigations of ancient Egyptian mummies during archaeological excavations: Evaluation and discussion of the advantages and limitations of different approaches and projections

Seiler, Roger,Eppenberger, Patrick,Ruhli, Frank Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2018 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.48 No.3

Purpose: In the age of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital volume tomography (DVT), with their outstanding post-processing capabilities, indications for planar radiography for the study of the dentition of ancient Egyptian mummies may easily be overlooked. In this article, the advantages and limitations of different approaches and projections are discussed for planar oral and maxillofacial radiography using portable digital X-ray equipment during archaeological excavations. Furthermore, recommendations are provided regarding projections and sample positioning in this context. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 specimens, including 19 skeletonized mandibles, 14 skeletonized skulls, 18 separate mummified heads, and 4 partially preserved mummies were imaged using portable digital X-ray equipment in the course of archaeological excavations led by the University of Basel in the Valley of the Kings between 2009 and 2012. Images were evaluated by 2 authors with regard to the visibility of diagnostically relevant dental structures using a 4-point grading system(Likert scale). Results: Overall, the visibility of diagnostically relevant dental structures was rated highest by both authors on X-ray images acquired using a dental detector. The tube-shift technique in the lateral projections of mandibular dentition achieved the second-best rating, and lateral projections achieved the third-best rating. Conclusion: Conventional planar digital X-ray imaging, due to its ubiquity, remains an excellent method-and often the only practicable one-for examining the skulls and teeth of ancient Egyptian mummies under field conditions. Radiographic images of excellent diagnostic quality can be obtained, if an appropriate methodology regarding the selected projections and sample placement is followed.

우리 나라 새교육 운동의 사상적배경

노공근 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육학과 1961 교육 연구 Vol.- No.17

中國 現代社會와 儒敎倫理

樓宇烈 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1995 韓國學論集 Vol.27 No.-

유교의 윤리는 중국에서 오랫동안 논쟁되어 온 문제이다. 이러한 논쟁이 일어나게 된 데는 심각한 역사적 원인이 있다. 중국은 전통적인 농경사회로부터 근 · 현대적인 공업사회, 상업 사회로 옮겨가는 과정을 밟아왔다. 이 과정에 있어서 절대다수의 사회개혁파들과 진보적인 사상가들은 유교윤리를 사회개혁과 사회진보를 저해하는 정치이념, 문화관념에 있어서의 주요한 장애물로 보았다. 그리하여 근백년동안 전통적인 윤리관념, 주요하게는 유교의 윤리관념에 대하여 반복적으로, 매번마다 강도높은 사회 비판운동을 벌렸던 것이다.

아르투르 리히의 경제윤리

Hans Ruh,Hans G,Nutzinger외2명 한신대학교 신학사상연구소 1991 신학사상 Vol.75 No.-

Investigation of Ester- and Amide-Linker-Based Porous Organic Polymers for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Separation at Wide Temperatures and Pressures

Ullah, Ruh,Atilhan, Mert,Anaya, Baraa,Al-Muhtaseb, Shaheen,Aparicio, Santiago,Patel, Hasmukh,Thirion, Damien,Yavuz, Cafer T. American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.32

<P>Organic compounds, such as covalent organic framework, metal organic frameworks, and covalent organic polymers have been under investigation to replace the well-known amine-based solvent sorption technology of CO2 and introduce the most efficient and economical material for CO2 capture and storage. Various organic polymers having different function groups have been under investigation both for low and high pressure CO2 capture. However, search for a promising material to overcome the issues of lower selectivity, less capturing capacity, lower mass transfer coefficient and instability in materials performance at high pressure and various temperatures is still ongoing process. Herein, we report synthesis of six covalent organic polymers (COPs) and their CO2, N-2, and CH4 adsorption performances at low and high pressures up to 200 bar. All the presented COPs materials were characterized by using elemental analysis method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Physical properties of the materials such as surface areas, pore volume and pore size were determined through BET analysis at 77 K. All the materials were tested for CO2, CH4, and N-2 adsorption using state of the art equipment, magnetic suspension balance (MSB). Results indicated that, amide based material i.e. COP-33 has the largest pore volume of 0.2 cm(2)/g which can capture up to the maximum of 1.44 mmol/g CO2 at room temperature and at pressure of 10 bar. However, at higher pressure of 200 bar and 308 K ester-based compound, that is, COP-35 adsorb as large as 144 mmol/g, which is the largest gas capturing capacity of any COPs material obtained so far. Importantly, single gas measurement based selectivity of COP-33 was comparatively better than all other COPs materials at all condition. Nevertheless, overall performance of COP-35 rate of adsorption and heat of adsorption has indicated that this material can be considered for further exploration as efficient and cheaply available solid sorbent material for CO2 capture and separation.</P>

Formation and control of hexagonal pyramid structures from GaN-based pillar-shaped structures using focused ion-beam process

Woon Jae Ruh,Hyeon Jin Choi,Jong Hoon Kim,Seung Woo Jeon,Young-Kyun Noh,Mino Yang,Young Heon Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2024 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.20 No.1

The formation of controllable 3D structures on the surface of layered optoelectronic devices using GaN-basedsemiconductors is important for improving the external quantum effi ciency by enhancing the light-emitting effi ciency. Inthis study, as-grown short hexagonal pillar structures on GaN-based semiconductors were transformed into a hexagonalpyramid shape during a focused ion-beam process. After forming the hexagonal pyramid shape, it was found that the size ofthe hexagonal pyramid can be adjusted by varying the sputtering time while preserving the pyramid shape. The transformationof the as-grown pillar structures to 3D hexagonal pyramids was demonstrated by analyzing the morphological evolutionwith the sputtering time by simulating the FIB process and calculating the eff ective ion bombardment area during sputtering.

Microstructural properties and dislocation evolution on a GaN grown on patterned sapphire substrate: A transmission electron microscopy study

Kim, Y. H.,Ruh, H.,Noh, Y. K.,Kim, M. D.,Oh, J. E. American Institute of Physics 2010 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.107 No.6

<P>The microstructural properties of a GaN layer grown on a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) were studied in detail using transmission electron microscope techniques to determine dislocation and growth behaviors. Regular and uniform recrystallized GaN islands were observed on the protruding pattern. On a flat sapphire surface, the crystallographic orientation relationship of <(1) over bar2 (1) over bar0 >(GaN) (on) (FS)//< 1 (1) over bar 00 >(sapphire) and {1<(1over bar>01}(GaN) (on) (FS)//{1 (2) over bar 13}(sapphire) existed between the GaN and the substrate. On the other hand, the orientation relationship of <(1) over bar2 (1) over bar0 >(GaN) (layer)//<(1) over bar2 (1) over bar0 >(GaN) (island) (on IS)//< 1 (1) over bar 00 >(sapphire) and {1 (1) over bar 01}(GaN) (layer)//{0002}(GaN) (island) (on) (IS)//{1 (2) over bar 13}(sapphire) was confirmed among the GaN layer, the recrystallized GaN islands on an inclined sapphire surface and the PSS. The flat surface among the protruding patterns began to fill rapidly with GaN. Then, the GaN gradually overgrew the protruding pattern and coalesced near the summit as the growth time increased. The generation of threading dislocations was observed in the vicinity of the coalescence points near the top of the protruding patterns. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics.[doi:10.1063/1.3327004]</P>

Laser Marking on Microcrystalline Silicon Film

Park, Min Gyu,Choi, Se-Bum,Ruh, Hyun,Hwang, Hae-Sook,Yu, Hyunung American Scientific Publishers 2012 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.12 No.7

<P>We present a compact dot marker using a CW laser on a microcrystalline silicon (Si) thin film. A laser annealing shows a continuous crystallization transformation from nano to a large domain (> 200 nm) of Si nanocrystals. This microscale patterning is quite useful since we can manipulate a two-dimentional (2-D) process of Si structural forms for better and efficient thin-film transistor (TFT) devices as well as for photovoltaic application with uniform electron mobility. A Raman scattering microscope is adopted to draw a 2-D mapping of crystal Si film with the intensity of optical-phonon mode at 520 cm(-1). At a 300-nm spatial resolution, the position resolved the Raman scattering spectra measurements carried out to observe distribution of various Si species (e.g., large crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous phase). The population of polycrystalline (poly-Si) species in the thin film can be analyzed with the frequency shift (delta omega) from the optical-phonon line since poly-Si distribution varies widely with conditions, such as an irradiated-laser power. Solid-phase crystallization with CW laser irradiation improves conductivity of poly-Si with micropatterning to develop the potential of the device application.</P>

Investigations on Microcrystalline Silicon Films for Solar Cell Application

Hwang, Hae-Sook,Park, Min-Gyu,Ruh, Hyun,Yu, Hyun-Ung Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.10

Hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (${\mu}c$-Si:H) thin film for solar cells is prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and physical properties of the ${\mu}c$-Si:H p-layer has been investigated. With respect to stable efficiency, this film is expected to surpass the performance of conventional amorphous silicon based solar cells and very soon be a close competitor to other thin film photovoltaic materials. Silicon in various structural forms has a direct effect on the efficiency of solar cell devices with different electron mobility and photon conversion. A Raman microscope is adopted to study the degree of crystallinity of Si film by analyzing the integrated intensity peaks at 480, 510 and $520\;cm^{-1}$, which corresponds to the amorphous phase (a-Si:H), microcrystalline (${\mu}c$-Si:H) and large crystals (c-Si), respectively. The crystal volume fraction is calculated from the ratio of the crystalline and the amorphous phase. The results are compared with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) for the determination of crystallinity factor. Optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and band gap are studied with reflectance spectra.

Shape control of magnesium oxysulfate granules using an ethanolamine chelate.

Kang, Kuk-Hyoun,Lee, Dong-Kyu,Ruh, Hyun,Ahn, Seonghee,Yu, Hyunung American Scientific Publishers 2014 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.14 No.11

<P>Shape control of inorganic nanomaterials during hydrothermal syntheses is crucial for fine-tuning the function of these materials, which are widely utilized in semiconductors, ceramics, and optical devices. In particular, magnesium compounds possess many desirable physical properties such as high thermal stability, wide band gap and high secondary electron emission yield, which allow their application as polymeric resins, cements, reinforcements, and fillers. However, conventional synthetic methods often require extreme reaction conditions such as high temperatures, high pressures, or prolonged reaction times. Additionally, various shape control methods are typically quite complicated and time consuming under conventional parameters. In this work, magnesium oxysulfate (5Mg(OH)2 x MgSO4 x 3H2O) granules of various shapes were fabricated by introducing ethanolamine chelate during hydrothermal reaction at a relatively low temperature and pressure. The strong interaction between ethanolamine and Mg2+ produced 5Mg(OH)2 x MgSO4 x 3H2O granules in the form of flakes, flowers, or whiskers through self-assembly this formation is dependent on concentration, reaction time, and temperature. The physicochemical properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.</P>