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Iron sulfate for the control of dollar spot disease
Rudland Matthew,Sang-Kook Lee,Hsiang Tom 한국잔디학회 2023 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.12 No.4
Iron is an essential nutrient for living organisms and has critical functions in many cellular processes. However, excess soluble iron in plant cells leads to the formation of harmful hydroxyl radicals that can negatively affect the plant. Ferrous sulfate has been used to green up turfgrass for decades, but more recently, the use of ferrous sulfate has been reported to reduce turfgrass diseases such as Microdochium patch and dollar spot. This review describes some of this research emphasizing efficacy against dollar spot, as well as the mechanisms by which iron enters the plant and exerts its effects, and provides recommendations for the use of ferrous sulfate in managing dollar spot disease.
Nonidealized Surface to Through-Wall Crack Transition Model for Axial Cracks in Cylinders
Shim, Do-Jun,Park, Jeong-Soon,Rudland, David AMERICAN SOCIETY MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 2016 Journal of pressure vessel technology Vol.138 No.1
<P>Recent studies have shown that a subcritical surface crack, due to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC), can transition to a through-wall crack (TWC) with significant differences between the inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) crack lengths. This behavior has been observed for both circumferential and axial cracks. Recently, a surface to TWC transition model has been developed for circumferential cracks using existing K and COD (crack opening displacement) solutions for nonidealized circumferential TWCs. In this paper, a similar crack transition model (CTM) was developed for axial cracks. As a first step, a study was conducted to define the appropriate crack front shape for nonidealized axial TWCs. Then, elastic finite element analyses were carried out to develop K and COD solutions using these crack front shapes. The newly developed solutions were utilized for the CTM. The present CTM includes a criterion for transitioning the final surface crack to the initial nonidealized TWC. This criterion determines when the transition should occur (based on surface crack depth) and determines the two crack lengths (at ID and OD surfaces) of the initial nonidealized TWC. Furthermore, nonidealized TWC growth calculation can be conducted using the proposed model. Example results (crack length and COD) obtained from the proposed model were compared to those obtained from the natural crack growth simulations. Results presented in this paper demonstrated the applicability of the proposed model for simulating axial crack transition.</P>
Elliott, Paul ,R.,Irvine, Andrew ,F.,Jung, Hyun ,Suk,Tozawa, Kaeko,Pastok, Martyna ,W.,Picone, Remigio,Badyal, Sandip ,K.,Basran, Jaswir,Rudland, Philip ,S.,Barraclough, Roger Cell Press 2012 Structure Vol.20 No.4
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Filament assembly of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) is selectively regulated by the small Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-binding protein, S100A4, which causes enhanced cell migration and metastasis in certain cancers. Our NMR structure shows that an S100A4 dimer binds to a single myosin heavy chain in an asymmetrical configuration. NMIIA in the complex forms a continuous helix that stretches across the surface of S100A4 and engages the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>-dependent binding sites of each subunit in the dimer. Synergy between these sites leads to a very tight association (K<SUB>D</SUB> ∼1 nM) that is unique in the S100 family. Single-residue mutations that remove this synergy weaken binding and ameliorate the effects of S100A4 on NMIIA filament assembly and cell spreading in A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. We propose a model for NMIIA filament disassembly by S100A4 in which initial binding to the unstructured NMIIA tail initiates unzipping of the coiled coil and disruption of filament packing.</P>