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Yamada, Atsushi,Takami, Masamichi,Kawawa, Tadaharu,Yasuhara, Rika,Zhao, Baohong,Mochizuki, Ayako,Miyamoto, Yoichi,Eto, Tomoo,Yasuda, Hisataka,Nakamichi, Yuko,Kim, Nacksung,Katagiri, Takenobu,Suda, Tat Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Immunology Vol.120 No.4
<P>Summary</P><P>Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are closely related cytokines known to inhibit osteoclast formation by targeting osteoblasts to produce an inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as by directly targeting osteoclast precursors. However, whether their inhibitory actions are the same remains unclear. The inhibitory effect of IL-4 was stronger than that of IL-13 in an osteoclast-differentiation culture system containing mouse osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors. Both cytokines induced OPG production by osteoblasts in similar time- and dose-dependent manners. However, IL-4 was stronger in direct inhibition that targeted osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, IL-4 induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) at lower concentrations than those of IL-13 in osteoclast precursors. IL-4 but not IL-13 strongly inhibited the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (nuclear factor-ATc1), a key factor of osteoclast differentiation, by those precursors. Thus, the activities of IL-4 and IL-13 toward osteoclast precursors were shown to be different in regards to inhibition of osteoclast differentiation, whereas those toward osteoblasts for inducing OPG expression were equivalent.</P>
PROPERTIES OF DUST IN VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTS OF NEARBY GALAXIES
HIDEHIRO KANEDA,Takuma Kokusho,Rika Yamada,DAISUKE ISHIHARA,SHINKI OYABU,TORU KONDO,MITSUYOSHI YAMAGISHI,Akiko Yasuda,TAKASHI ONAKA,Toyoaki Suzuki 한국천문학회 2017 天文學論叢 Vol.32 No.1
We have performed systematic studies of the properties of dust in various environments of nearby galaxies with AKARI. The unique capabilities of AKARI, such as near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy combined with all-sky coverage in the mid- and far-IR, enable us to study processing of dust, particularly carbonaceous grains includings polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), for unbiased samples of nearby galaxies. In this paper, we first review our recent results on individual galaxies, highlighting the uniqueness of AKARI data for studies of nearby galaxies. Then we present results of our systematic studies on nearby starburst and early-type galaxies. From the former study based on the near-IR spectroscopy and mid-IR all-sky survey data, we find that the properties of PAHs change systematically from IR galaxies to ultra-luminous IR galaxies, depending on the IR luminosity of a galaxy or galaxy population. From the latter study based on the mid- and far-IR all-sky survey data, we find that there is a global correlation between the amounts of dust and old stars in early-type galaxies, giving an observational constraint on the origin of the dust.
THE 3.3 μm POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON EMISSION AS A STAR FORMATION RATE INDICATOR
Kim, Ji Hoon,Im, Myungshin,Lee, Hyung Mok,Lee, Myung Gyoon,Jun, Hyunsung David,Nakagawa, Takao,Matsuhara, Hideo,Wada, Takehiko,Oyabu, Shinki,Takagi, Toshinobu,Inami, Hanae,Ohyama, Youichi,Yamada, Rika IOP Publishing 2012 The Astrophysical journal Vol.760 No.2
<P>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission features dominate the mid-infrared spectra of star-forming galaxies and can be useful to calibrate star formation rates (SFRs) and diagnose ionized states of grains. However, the PAH 3.3 mu m feature has not been studied as much as other PAH features since it is weaker than others and resides outside of Spitzer capability. In order to detect and calibrate the 3.3 mu m PAH emission and investigate its potential as an SFR indicator, we carried out an AKARI mission program, AKARI mJy Unbiased Survey of Extragalactic Sources (AMUSES), and compared its sample with various literature samples. We obtained 2-5 mu m low-resolution spectra of 20 flux-limited galaxies with mixed spectral energy distribution classes, which yielded the detection of the 3.3 mu m PAH emission from 3 out of 20 galaxies. For the combined sample of AMUSES and literature samples, the 3.3 mu m PAH luminosities correlate with the infrared luminosities of star-forming galaxies, albeit with a large scatter (1.5 dex). The correlation appears to break down at the domain of ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), and the power of the 3.3 mu m PAH luminosity as a proxy for the infrared luminosity is hampered at log[L-PAH3.3 erg(-1) s(-1)] > similar to 42.0. Possible origins for this deviation in the correlation are discussed, including contributions from active galactic nuclei and strongly obscured young stellar objects, and the destruction of PAH molecules in ULIRGs.</P>