Pharmacokinetic evaluation of cefdinir-loaded floating alginate beads in rabbits using LC–MS/MS

Praveen R,Sandeep Kumar Singh,Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.3

The present investigation aims to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Cefdinir in rabbits, from floating alginate (an anionic polysaccharide obtained from cell walls of brown algae) beads and conventional suspension, using a new LC–MS/MS method. Formulations equivalent to 20 mg/kg were administered orally to test and reference group and blood samples were collected at selected time intervals up to 24 h. Plasma concentrations of Cefdinir were determined using validated LC–MS/MS method and pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by non-compartment model. Statistically significant (p\0.05) increase in Cmax, Tmax, AUC0–? and MRT was observed in case of floating alginate beads, whereas KE and t1/2 remained relatively constant. MRT and tmax increased significantly as a result of controlled drug release. Relative bioavailability was 337.45 % for the floating beads. Thus, alginate based floating formulation improve the bioavailability (3.37 fold) of Cefdinir compared to suspension. The absorption of Cefdinir from floating beads was found mainly from duodenum (73.0 %) and Jejunum 1 and 2 (13.0 %).

Sustained delivery of cefdinir to upper gastrointestinal tract using calcium alginate beads: a formulation by design

Radhakrishnan Praveen,Sandeep Kumar Singh,Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma,Jerome Karippamattom George 한국약제학회 2014 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.44 No.6

The present research demonstrates the developmentand characterization of alginate based multiunitfloating dosage form for sustained delivery of cefdinir tothe upper gastrointestinal tract. The method involved ionicgelation of sodium alginate solution containing suspendeddrug and myristyl alcohol (release modifier and buoyancyregulator) by calcium ions followed by freeze drying. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differentialscanning calorimetry studies revealed that there were noincompatibilities between drug and excipients. The effectof various process variables; amount of sodium alginate,myristyl alcohol and cefdinir; on critical parameters likedrug loading, particle size and mean dissolution time(MDT) was modelled using Box–Behnken design andstudied using response surface plots and regression equations. The observed and predicted r2 values were inagreement in case of all the responses which marks thevalidity of developed model. The particle size, drug loadingand MDT were found to be strongly dependent on thevariables studied. The beads showed high drug loading upto 65.41 % and extended drug release up to 24 h in 0.1 Nhydrochloric acid. The beads exhibited 100 % buoyancywithout any lag time up to 24 h despite of the high drugloading. The mechanism of drug release was found to beFickian diffusion.

Cross linked alginate gel beads as floating drug delivery system for cefdinir: optimization using Box–Behnken design

Radhakrishnan Praveen,Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma,Sandeep Kumar Singh,Jerome Karippamattom George 한국약제학회 2015 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.45 No.2

Regional absorption of several drugs necessitatesthe continuous monitoring of the movement of dosageform through gastro-intestinal tract. Sometimes it isimportant to deliver the drug at a particular physiologicalregion of the gastrointestinal tract for better effects. Floating delivery system is a prominent approach to releasethe drug in the gastric fluid. The objective of present studywas to formulate, evaluate and optimize cefdinir loadedintra-gastric floating beads of sodium alginate. Floatingalginate beads were prepared by ionic gelation methodaccording to Box–Behnken design with three factors variedat three levels. Uniform beads buoyant up to 24 h wereformed with rough surface and porous internal structure. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-gravimetricanalysis and powder x-ray diffractometry suggested anexcellent compatibility of drug with excipients and formulationprocess. The effect of selected independentvariables [amount of sodium alginate (X1), myristyl alcohol(X2) and cefdinir (X3) each at three levels] on thedependent variables [density (Y1), entrapment efficiency(Y2), time to release 20 % (Y3), cumulative percentage ofcefdinir released at 12th hour (Y4) and dissolution efficiency(Y5)] were studied using regression equations andresponse surface plots. The predicted and adjusted r² valueswere in reasonable agreement and the models weresignificant with p<0.05. Criteria were set for eachresponses and optimized formulation was preparedaccording to the software determined levels. The predictedand observed responses were in good agreement with lowpercent bias errors (<10 %), marking the validity of thedeveloped model. Thus, cefdinir loaded, extended release,intra-gastric floating gel beads of calcium alginate wereformulated and optimized.

Herbivore-responsive cotton phenolics and their impact on insect performance and biochemistry

Garima Dixit,Ashish Praveen,Tusha Tripathi,Vikash Kumar Yadav,Praveen C. Verma 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2

Insect damage to plants can have several impacts on plant biochemical composition and such changes may influence the insect performances. Here,we examined herbivore-responsive alterations in the phenolic profile of cotton plant using three cotton genotypes, Bc-68-2, Gcot-16 and Coker-312, belonging to G. hirsutumsp. during their infestation with two biting and chewing insects viz., Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura, separately for 96 h. Both insects had similar effects on phenolic induction in cotton plants (Gossypium sp.) at 96 h post infestation (hpi) however, the phenolic accumulationwas genotype specific.Wemeasured 13 phenolic compounds, out ofwhich four phenolic acids viz., gallic acid (GA), cinnamic acid (CA), p-coumaric acid (PA) and salicylic acid (SA) displayed higher accumulation in response to insect herbivory at 96 hpi. The subsequent impact of four herbivore- responsive phenolics on insect performance was evaluated through diet incorporation assay. Insect larvae displayed significant reduction in larvalweights and substantial mortality on 10th day in case of CA and PA incorporated diets at higher concentrations. Physiological examination of treated larvae on 5th and 10th day post feeding at CA and PA containing diets revealed oxidative stress, reduced lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, altered glucose and protein level and enhanced glutathione-S-transferase enzyme activity in larvae feeding on treatment diets as compared to controls.Our results suggest that the defensive chemistry of phenolics has important effect on the insect fitness and physiology and the flavonoids such as CA and PA can be utilized in pest control programmes.

Advanced strategies for modifying the water splitting performance of MoSe2 photocatalyst: A critical review of recent progress

Vaishnavi Sharma,Abhinandan Kumar,Pardeep Singh,Praveen Kumar Verma,Tansir Ahamad,Sourbh Thakur,Quyet Van Le,Van Huy Nguyen,Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan,Pankaj Raizada 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.128 No.-

Water splitting technology is rapidly evolving in order to generate H2 in a sustainable manner to amendthe global energy crisis. Water splitting over semiconductor catalyst nanoparticles for large-scale hydrogenproduction has shown to be a simple and affordable procedure, attracting researchers from aroundthe world for more fruitful studies and development in the field of photocatalysis. In this respect,MoSe2 is a promising semiconductor photocatalyst owing to its non-toxic nature, low Gibbs free energy,high metallic character, impressive opto-electronic properties, and outstanding photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the 2D nature of MoSe2 allows the easy tuning of the bandgap to suit H2 evolution reactionapplication by simple synthesis techniques. Therefore, in this review, we have comprehensivelydiscussed the influence of morphology on photocatalytic water splitting with a main focus on the nanostructuremodifications to modulate the properties of MoSe2. In detail, starting from the crystal structureand optimal photocatalytic features of MoSe2, insights into photocatalytic water splitting have been highlighted. Various modes of nanostructure designs involving hydro(solvo)thermal, CVD, PVD, exfoliation,and intercalation are outlined. The lower bandgap energy is subjected to a high rate of photoinducedexcitons recombination, which reduces its photocatalytic efficiency. Therefore, modification techniquessuch as doping, heterostructure construction, and vacancy generation are presented in order to concurrentlyimprove the photocatalytic water splitting performance. Finally, the study concludes with a summaryof recent advancements and anticipated potential trends in this area to instigate further researchendeavours.