Effects of Phytase Supplementation on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Maize and Wheat Based Diets with Different Levels of Non-phytate Phosphorus

Singh, P.K.,Khatta, V.K.,Thakur, R.S.,Dey, S.,Sangwan, M.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.11

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=480) were equally devided into eight treatment groups and fed maize or wheat based isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcium diets having two non phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations (0.50% and 0.30%) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 phytase units/kg diet) in a 42 days growth trial. Maize based dietary treatments were MC (NPP 0.50%, MN (NPP 0.30%), MNP (MN+500 units of phytase) and MCP (MC+500 units of phytase), whereas wheat based experimental diets were WC (NPP 0.50%), WN (NPP 0.30%), WNP (WN+500 units of phytase) and WCP (WC+500 units of phytase). The NPP levels were maintained by dicalcium phosphate. Reduction in dietary NPP depressed live weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performances of broilers. The supplementation to low NPP diets allowed complete, safe and economic replacement of dietary inorganic P (dicalcium phosphate) to reduce feed cost per kg live weight gain of broilers. Reduction in dietary NPP did not affect retention of nutrients except phosphorus (P) but had a significant (p<0.05) depression in tibia ash and minerals (Ca, P) concentration in serum and tibia ash. Phytase supplementation at low NPP level was effective (p<0.05) in improving the retention of dry matter, Ca and P and Ca and P concentration in serum and tibia ash. However, the supplementation was not effective at high level of NPP (0.50%). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in carcass quality among dietary treatments. The response of phytase was greater in low NPP and maize based diets as compared with high NPP and wheat based diets, respectively. The results show that phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets improved the growth performance, relative retention of nutrients (N, Ca and P) and minerals (Ca, P) status of blood and bone in broiler chickens, with a better efficacy in maize based diets.

Cytokines Expression and Nitric Oxide Production under Induced Infection to Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Lines Divergently Selected for Cutaneous Hypersensitivity

Singh, Rani,Jain, Preeti,Pandey, N.K.,Saxena, V.K.,Saxena, M.,Singh, K.B.,Ahmed, K.A.,Singh, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.7

In the present study, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in 5 week-old immuno divergent broiler lines selected for the high and low response to phytohemagglutinin-P. The immune response was assessed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced with Salmonella Typhimurium at different time intervals (0 h, 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h). The differential mRNA expression patterns of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-2 and iNOS were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. In-vitro production of nitric oxide (NO) was also estimated in the culture supernatant and correlated with iNOS mRNA expression. Present study showed higher production of NO in the high cell-mediated line (HCMI) as compared to the low cell-mediated line (LCMI) upon stimulation with Salmonella Typhimurium. Correspondingly, higher mRNA expression of iNOS and IFN-${\gamma}$ were observed in high response birds (HCMI); but IL-2 was down regulated in this line compared to the low response birds (LCMI). Significantly (p<0.05) higher expression of iNOS, IFN-${\gamma}$ and higher production of NO in high line indicated that the selection for PHA-P response might be employed for increasing the immune competence against Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken flocks.

Estimation of Rumen Microbial Protein Supply Using Urinary Purine Derivatives Excretion in Crossbred Calves Fed at Different Levels of Feed Intake

Singh, M.,Sharma, K.,Dutta, N.,Singh, P.,Verma, A.K.,Mehra, U.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.10

A study was carried out to study the response of total purine derivatives (PD) excretion in urine to determine microbial N (MN) supply at four fixed levels of feed intake (namely 95, 80, 60 and 40% of voluntary intake). The crossbred (CB) calves were allocated according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design and fed wheat straw and concentrate (1:1). The rate of PD excretion (mmol/d) as a linear function of feed intake was 15.85/kg DMI and 20.12/kg DOMI. Based on the endogenous and PD excretion rates obtained in this study, a relationship between daily urinary PD excretion (Y, mmol) and daily microbial protein supply (X, mmol) was developed for crossbred calves as Y = 0.83X+0.296 kg $W^{0.75}$. The derived microbial N values using this equation differed (p<0.001) among the 4 groups and was the highest in L-95 followed by L-80, L-60 and L-40. The relationship between urinary nitrogen loss (Y, g/d) and DOMI (X, kg/d) was established as: Y = 6.038X+21.753 ($r^2$ = 0.663, p<0.01). When urinary excretion of PD (Y, mmol/d) was plotted against intake of DM and DOM (X, kg/d), the equations obtained were: Y = 7.1711X+8.674 ($r^2$ = 0.889, p<0.01) and Y = 12.434X+7.683 ($r^2$ = 0.896, p<0.01), respectively. The proportional contribution of allantoin and uric acid to total PD remained stable irrespective of level of feed intake. Similarly, urinary excretion of creatinine did not differ (p>0.05) between animals fed at different levels. The MN supply was the highest to animals at intake levels L-95, and decreased linearly with corresponding decrease in feed intake. However, the MN supply when expressed per kg DOMI remained statistically (p>0.05) similar irrespective of level of intake. The results revealed that the excretion of urinary purine derivatives were positively correlated with the level of feed intake as well as rumen microbial supply and thus it could be a good indicator for measuring the microbial protein supply and nutritional status of animals.

Investigations on magnetic and electrical properties of Zn doped Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their correlation with local electronic structures

Kumar, Parmod,Sharma, Vikas,Singh, Jitendra P.,Kumar, Ashish,Chahal, Surjeet,Sachdev, K.,Chae, K.H.,Kumar, Ashok,Asokan, K.,Kanjilal, D. Elsevier 2019 Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials Vol.489 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Present work aims at investigating the structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of zinc doped Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanoparticles (pure, 10%, 20% & 30%) and correlated with their local electronic structures using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements infer that doping of Zn cations lead to the formation of secondary phases corresponding to ZnFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> along with the hematite phase of Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>. Magnetic measurements show that magnetization vs magnetic field curve for 10% Zn doping exhibit maximum saturation magnetization (~2.93 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> emu/g) as well as the coercivity (~956 Oe). The values of these parameters decrease for higher content of Zn. The temperature dependence of dielectric behaviour follows the same trend as that of the lattice parameter and magnetic measurements. The XANES spectra at Fe L- and Fe K-edges indicate partial reduction of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> ions into Fe<SUP>2+</SUP> upon Zn doping in the Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> lattice. However, divalent state is favourable for Zn (i.e. Zn<SUP>2+</SUP>) within the doping range reported in this study.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Zn doped Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> nanoparticles. </LI> <LI> Study of magnetic and electrical properties. </LI> <LI> Correlation of magnetic and electrical properties with local electronic structure. </LI> </UL> </P>

Outcomes of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Unilateral Versus Bilateral Interbody Cages

Conor P. Lynch,Elliot D.K. Cha,Augustus J. Rush III,Caroline N. Jadczak,Shruthi Mohan,Cara E. Geoghegan,Kern Singh 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.4

Objective: To assess the impact of bilateral versus unilateral interbody cages on outcomes for minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) procedures. Methods: A retrospective review for primary, elective, single-level MIS TLIF procedures with bilateral posterior instrumentation from 2008–2020 was performed. Patients were grouped according to unilateral or bilateral interbody cage use. Procedures performed without static interbody cages or indicated for trauma, infection, malignancy were excluded. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) included visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index, 12-item Short Form health survey physical composite score (SF-12 PCS), Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System physical function (PROMIS-PF). PROs were collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Change in PROs (Δ) was calculated and compared between groups. Achievement of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was calculated using established values from the literature. Achievement rates were compared between groups using logistic regression. Results: The study included 151 patients, with 111 unilateral and 40 bilateral cage placements. Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes, and insurance status differed between groups (p<0.050). Prevalence of degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis (both p≤0.002), operative level (p=0.003), and postoperative length of stay (p=0.022) significantly differed between groups. The unilateral group had lower 1-year arthrodesis rates (p=0.035). Preoperative VAS leg (p=0.017) and SF-12 PCS (p=0.045) were worse for the unilateral group. ΔPROMIS-PF was greater for the bilateral group at 2 years (p=0.001). Majority of patients achieved an overall MCID for all PROs, except VAS leg (bilateral group). Conclusion: While preoperative status and postoperative arthrodesis rates differed, patients achieved an MCID at similar rates regardless of use of unilateral or bilateral cages.

Performance of Crossbred Cattle Fed Chopped Green Sugarcane Tops and Supplemented with Wheat Bran or Lentil Chuni Concentrates

Gendley, M.K.,Singh, P.,Garg, A.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.10

Fifteen crossbred cattle bulls of about 22-24 months age (mean body weight ranged from 291.0 to 298.1 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 animals following randomized block design. Animals in group 1 were fed concentrate mixture containing wheat bran 97%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% plus ad libitum chopped green sugarcane tops (SCT) as a roughage source. Animals in group 2 were fed concentrate mixture containing lentil chuni 97%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% while group 3 concentrate contained wheat bran 48.5%, lentil chuni 48.5%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% plus ad libitum chopped green SCT to meet their maintenance requirements. During metabolism trial period, the mean total intake and digestibility of DM in groups 1, 2 and 3 was $8.09{\pm}0.41$, $8.41{\pm}0.49$ and $7.86{\pm}0.16kg/d$ and 60.24, 63.24 and 65.05%, respectively. The intake of CP (p<0.05) and EE (p<0.01) was significantly higher in group 2 and group 1, respectively as compared to remaining 2 groups, which were comparable. Digestibility of CP and EE was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group 3 and that of CP was comparable with group 2. The intake and digestibility of total carbohydrates, NDF, ADF, Hemi-cellulose and cellulose were similar among 3 groups. The mean body weight changes in group 1, 2 and 3 were 173.4, 253.4 and 203.4 g/d, respectively, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 2. The total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) intakes were significantly higher in group 2 and group 1, respectively. The total volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N, trichloro-acetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA ppt.-N; p<0.05), total-N concentrations and pH were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group 3, however, pH and TCA ppt.-N was comparable with group 2 and 1, respectively. From the results, it may be deduced that the feeding of chopped green SCT supplemented with a concentrate mixture having both wheat bran (48.5%) and lentil chuni (48.5%) has shown a better performance with respect to intake and digestibility of nutrients and growth as well.

Effect of Sources of Supplementary Protein on Intake, Digestion and Efficiency of Energy Utilization in Buffaloes Fed Wheat Straw Based Diets

Mehra, U.R.,Khan, M.Y.,Lal, Murari,Hasan, Q.Z.,Das, Asit,Bhar, R.,Verma, A.K.,Dass, R.S.,Singh, P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.5

Sixteen adult male buffaloes (average body weight $443{\pm}14kg$) were equally distributed into four groups in an experiment to study the effect of supplementary protein sources on energy utilization efficiency in buffaloes fed a wheat straw-based diet. The animals in the control group were offered a basal diet composed of 700 g deoiled ground nut cake and ad libitum wheat straw. Animals of other groups were offered 1.8 kg of soyabean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or mustard cake (MC) along with the basal diet. Protein supplementation increased the digestibility of DM (p<0.01), OM (p<0.01) CP (p<0.01) and CF (p<0.05). Maximum CP digestibility was observed on SBM, followed by LSM and MC when compared to the control. Total DMI and DOMI was significantly (p<0.01) higher in protein supplemented groups with no differences between treatment groups. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake and N balance were significantly (p<0.01) different between the groups; maximum response was obtained with SBM supplementation, followed by LSM and MC. Faecal energy was significantly (p<0.01) lower in SBM and LSM groups in comparison to other groups. Methane production (% DEI) was significantly (p<0.05) lower on the SBM treatment. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased significantly due to protein supplementation. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of animals in the MC group was less than LSM and SBM. Energy balance was increased significantly (p<0.01) due to protein supplementation and within supplement variation was also significant with maximum balance in SBM followed by LSM and MC groups. Protein supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased the digestibility and metabolizability of energy from whole ration. Metabolizable energy (ME) content (Mcal/kg DM) of SBM, LSM and MC was 4.49, 3.56 and 2.56, respectively. It was concluded that protein supplementation of wheat straw increased intake, digestibility and metabolizability of energy and maximum response could be obtained when soybean meal was used as a supplement.

Production Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Malpura and Mutton Synthetic Lambs Fed Low and High Energy Rations in a Semiarid Region of India

Singh, N.P.,Sankhyan, S.K.,Prasad, V.S.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.5

Forty eight lambs (24 each of Malpura and Mutton synthetic breeds) were weaned at 90 days of age and divided into two groups. One group of 12 lambs from each of the two breeds was maintained on low energy (52% TDN) and the other group of 12 on high energy (58% TDN) feedlot ration until 6 of the lambs attained 20 kg and the other 6 attained 25 kg live weight in each of the two groups. Daily feed intake and weekly body weights were recorded. Conventional metabolism trials were conducted on the two breeds and the two rations. The growth rate was found to be higher for lambs on high energy ration (p<0.01). The growth rate was also higher for higher target weight groups (p<0.01). The breed did not significantly affect the live weight gains. Mutton synthetic lambs required less number of days to reach 20 kg live weights but took more time to reach 25 kg target weight as compared to Malpura lambs (p<0.01). The lambs of both the breeds reached 25 kg live weight earlier on high energy than those on low energy ration (p<0.01). The dry matter intake, irrespective of breed, was significantly higher (4.57% or 93.4 g per kgW$^{0.75}$) on low energy than that on high energy ration (4.20% or 87.2 g per kg W$^{0.75}$). The digestibility coefficients of all the nutrients excepting crude fibre were significantly higher on high energy diet irrespective of the breed. Lambs on low energy ration, however, digested the crude fibre more than those on the high energy ration (p<0.05). Although there were no significant differences in the intakes of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus, the balance of nitrogen was higher on high energy ration. The DCP and TDN values were 9.70 and 52.76% for low energy and 9.89 and 57.68 % for high energy ration, respectively. The dressing percentages on live weight basis were 50.2 on low and 51.6 on high energy ration, 50.5 at 20kg and 51.3 at 25 kg slaughter weight and 51.0 in Malpura and 50.8 in Mutton synthetic lambs, respectively. The percent of bones in the carcass was higher on low energy ration in Mutton synthetic lambs at 20 kg slaughter weight than others. It was concluded that the performance of the lambs in respect of mutton production was significantly better on high energy ration fed upto 25 kg slaughter weight with no or little breed differences.

Electronic structure studies of chemically synthesized MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles

Singh, J.P.,Won, S.O.,Lim, W.C.,Lee, I.J.,Chae, K.H. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2016 Journal of molecular structure Vol.1108 No.-

For present work, magnesium ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using nitrates of metal ions and citric acid. Crystallite size of these nanoparticles varies from 2.1 +/- 0.1 to 62 +/- 10 nm as annealing temperatures increases from 300 to 1200 <SUP>o</SUP>C. Mg K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectra reflect the presence of Mg<SUP>2+</SUP> ions in both tetrahedral (A-site) and octahedral (B-site) environment for nanoparticles synthesized at all temperatures. The integral area of spectral features of O K-edge spectra is associated with the change of unoccupied O p-projected density of states. Fe L-edge spectra envisage the presence of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> state in these nanoparticles. Observed changes in the electronic structure of these nanoparticles are discussed on the basis of cation migration from A-site to B-site, degree of crystallization, and unsaturated bonds at crystallite surface. Fe-O distances at A-site and B-site changes with annealing temperature.

Investigation of phase segregation in sol–gel derived ZnMgO thin films

Singh, Amanpal,Vij, Ankush,Kumar, Dinesh,Khanna, P K,Kumar, Mukesh,Gautam, Sanjeev,Chae, K H Institute of Physics 2013 Semiconductor science and technology Vol.28 No.2

<P>Highly c-axis-oriented Zn<SUB>1-x</SUB>Mg<SUB>x</SUB>O multilayered thin films have been deposited on p-type Si substrates with different concentration of Mg (x = 0.00−0.40) using a sol–gel spin-coating technique. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that single-phase wurtzite thin films start showing phase segregation for a Mg content of x = 0.25 for the sol–gel-derived ZnMgO thin films. The element specific near edge x-ray fine structure (NEXAFS) collected at O K-edge also clearly evidence the phase segregation at x = 0.25. These results also show that films are deposited with wurtzite structure as dominant phase even after phase segregation. The NEXAFS spectra collected at Zn L<SUB>3</SUB>-edge rule out the presence of any Zn-related defect due to Mg doping. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) depicts the spherical shape of nanosized grains, and grain size varies slightly with Mg content. The single-phase ZnMgO thin films show a band gap tuning from 3.38 to 3.84 eV, which is also consistent with blue shifting of near-band edge PL emission. The electrical resistivity of thin films increases with Mg content before phase segregation. However, the optical band gap, photoluminescence and electrical resistivity show anomalous behavior at phase segregation limit which has been discussed and correlated with each other.</P>