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( S Fung ),( P Kwan ),( A Horban ),( M Pelemis ),( P Husa ),( H W Hann ),( Jf Flaherty ),( B Massetto ),( P Dinh ),( A Corsa ),( K Kitrinos ),( Jg Mchutchison ),( M Fabri ),( E Gane ) 대한간학회 2013 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2013 No.1
Background: Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF (TDF) have been demonstrated over 6 years in pivotal HBV studies, but have yet to be established in lamivudine-resistant (LAM-R) patients in a prospective, randomized trial. Methods: Phase 3b, double-blind, randomized (1:1) comparison of TDF and emtricitabine (FTC)/TDF in chronic HBV patients on LAM at screening with HBV DNA ≥103 IU/mL and documented LAM-R (rtM204V/I±rtL180M; INNO-LiPA HBV v2/ v3). Patients were stratified by ALT (≥ or <2×ULN) and HBeAg status. Efficacy and safety, including bone mineral density (BMD) monitoring by DXA were assessed over 96 weeks. Results: Of 280 randomized and treated patients, 133/141 (94%) and 125/139 (90%) in TDF and FTC/TDF groups completed 96 weeks. Groups were well matched: mean age 47 years, 75% males, 34% Asian, 47% HBeAg+, 42% ALT <ULN; HBV genotypes: 22% A, 14% B, 19% C, and 45% D. By ITT analysis, missing=failure, 89% and 86% receiving TDF and FTC/TDF, respectively, had HBV DNA <400 copies/mL at Week 96 (P =0.43); 70% in each arm had normal ALT. HBeAg loss was observed in 10/65 (15%) and 9/68 (13%) in TDF and FTC/TDF arms, respectively. One patient (FTC/TDF) had HBsAg loss without seroconversion. Both treatments were well tolerated with 1% (3/280) discontinuing for adverse event (1 TDF, 2 FTC/TDF). No patients had confirmed increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL, and 1% (2 TDF) had serum phosphorus <2 mg/dL. BMD of spine and hip revealed no clinically relevant bone loss, and there were no non-traumatic fractures reported. No TDF resistance was detected through 96 weeks. Conclusions: A high rate of HBV DNA suppression with no detectable TDF resistance was achieved with TDF monotherapy in LAM?R patients through 96 weeks. TDF was safe and well tolerated, with a low rate of renal events and no evidence of clinically relevant bone loss.
Vehicular emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a tunnel study in Hong Kong
Ho, K. F.,Lee, S. C.,Ho, W. K.,Blake, D. R.,Cheng, Y.,Li, Y. S.,Ho, S. S. H.,Fung, K.,Louie, P. K. K.,Park, D. Copernicus GmbH 2009 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.9 No.19
<P>Abstract. Vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined at the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong in summer and winter of 2003. One hundred and ten VOCs were quantified in this study. The average concentration of the total measured VOCs at the inlet and outlet of the tunnel were 81 250 pptv and 117 850 pptv, respectively. Among the 110 compounds, ethene, ethyne and toluene were the most abundant species in the tunnel. The total measured VOC emission factors ranged from 67 mg veh−1 km−1 to 148 mg veh−1 km−1, with an average of 115 mg veh−1 km−1. The five most abundant VOCs observed in the tunnel were, in decreasing order, ethene, toluene, n-butane, propane and i-pentane. These five most abundant species contributed over 38% of the total measured VOCs emitted. The high propane and n-butane emissions were found to be associated with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-fueled taxis. Fair correlations were observed between marker species (ethene, i-pentane, n-nonane, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes - BTEX) with fractions of gasoline-fueled or diesel-fueled vehicles. Moreover, ethene, ethyne, and propene are the key species that were abundant in the tunnel but not in gasoline vapors or LPG. The ozone formation potential from the VOCs in Hong Kong was evaluated by the maximum increment reactivity (MIR). It was found to be 568 mg of ozone per vehicle per kilometer traveled. Among them, ethene, propene and toluene contribute most to the ozone-formation reactivity. </P>