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The Radical Change in the Perceptionof Death in the 17th Century and Milton's Lycidas
Osamu Nakayama 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2007 중세근세영문학 Vol.17 No.2
With respect to the idea of death, the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation had a great influence on the artistic and poetic imagination of 17th century England. As a result, the age saw a revolution in the expressions of bereavement and loss in art and literature such as painting, sculpture, poetry and music. Milton's Lycidas is no exception. Just like the commissioning of a painting, a tomb and the bereaved funeral, a creation of an elegy such as Lycidas should be viewed as a part of the same process of mourning. As the radical change in the attitudes towards the dead was brought about initially at the theological level in the form of the abolition of the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory, focusing upon this problem of Purgatory, I believe, will provide us with an interesting perspective in the consideration of the relation between the living Milton and the departed Edward King. I also believe that the refusal of the doctrine of Purgatory by reformed Protestants had accelerated the individualization in the perception of death, in their funeral customs, as well as in the manner of their emotional expression towards the departed, Lycidas being a good case in point.
Ground strain estimation for lifeline earthquake engineering
Osamu Maruyama,Lessandro Estelito Garciano,Takeshi Koike 국제구조공학회 2007 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.25 No.3
Current seismic design guidelines in Japan are diverse in the seismic ground strain estimates, because the concepts on a horizontally propagating wave model are not consistent in various seismic design guidelines including gas, water and other underground structures. The purpose of this study is (a) to derive the analytical methods to estimate the ground strains for incident seismic waves, (b) to develop a statistical estimation technique of the ground strains, and finally (c) to compare the theoretical estimation with the observed data which was measured at 441 sites in the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan.
Current Situation & Programs of Japan ART
Osamu Okitsu 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2017 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.10
All of ART treatments in Japan are under control of Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG). JSOG covers all fields of obstetrics and gynecology in Japan. ART can be performed only in JSOG-certified centers to which at least one ART specialist (M.D.) must belong. ART specialist is certified by Japan Society of Reproductive Medicine (JSRM) which cover the field of reproductive medicine together with JSOG. Each ART center must submit the reports of all of ART treatment cycles every year and the accumulated data is open to public. From the latest data, number of ART treatment cycles in Japan is the largest in the countries registration system is functioned. (Actually, the largest and the second largest countries are China and India, respectively.) However, delivery rate per treatment cycles in Japan is the worst because percentage of cycles with aged women over 40 years old is increasing in recent years. In addition, neither egg donation nor preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) of embryos is permitted from ethical point of view. All of clinical research must be registered to JSOG and get permission in advance. At the end of the research, the report must be submitted. The major characteristics of Japan ART are minimum stimulation and “all freeze”, though these are not working range of embryologist. Needless to describe, minimum stimulation is performed in order to avoid ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS). “All freeze” is the strategy to get higher implantation rate by complete synchronization of endometrium cycle and embryo development. In relation to ART laboratory works, very expensive machines (Time-lapse cinematography- equipped dry incubators, automatic vitrification machine, etc.) are developed in recent years. TLC-equipped dry incubator is gradually introduced in many ART centers. Accordingly, single step blastocyst culture medium is also going to be popular in order to reduce laboratory work. As the result of author’s investigation, osmolality of blastocyst medium is significantly increased during 5 days culture in dry incubator when compared with humidified condition (p<0.05) in spite that culture medium is covered by mineral oil. No significant difference in blastulation rate though slightly decreased in dry condition. Rescue ICSI (rICSI), double insemination (rescue conventional insemination: rcIVF), rescue artificial oocyte activation (rAOA) are widely performed in many centers in order to improve fertilization rate. The major unsolved problems in the field of ART are thin endometrial layer cases, aged women and azoospermia. In vitro proliferation of endometrial-derived stem cells, being performed by Prof. S. Kato’s group in Kyushu University, and in vitro germ cells production from iPS cells by two groups, M. Saito in Kyoto University and K. Hayashi in Kyushu University, may be able to solve these problems in the future.
A Safe Surgical Procedure for Old Distractive Flexion Injuries of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Osamu Kawano,Takeshi Maeda,Eiji Mori,Itaru Yugue,Takayoshi Ueta,Keiichiro Shiba 대한척추외과학회 2017 Asian Spine Journal Vol.11 No.6
Study Design: Retrospective review. Purpose: To describe a safe and effective surgical procedure for old distractive flexion (DF) injuries of the subaxial cervical spine. Overview of Literature: Surgical treatment is required in old cases when a progression of the kyphotic deformity and/or persistent neck pain and/or the appearance of new neurological symptoms are observed. Since surgical treatment is more complicated and dangerous in old cases than in acute distractive-flexion cases, the indications for surgery and the selection of the surgical procedure must be carefully conducted. Methods: To identify a safe and effective surgical procedure, the procedure selected, reason(s) for its selection, and associated neurological complications were investigated in 13 patients with old cervical DF injuries. Results: No neurological complications were observed in nine patients (DF stage 2 or 3) who underwent the anterior-posterior-anterior (A-P-A) method and two patients (DF stage 1) who underwent the posterior method. It was initially planned that two patients (DF stage 2) who underwent the P-A method would be treated using the Posterior method alone; however, anterior discectomy was added to the procedure after the development of a severe spinal cord disorder. Conclusions: The A-P-A method (anterior discectomy, posterior release and/or partial facetectomy, reduction and instrumentation, anterior bone grafting) is considered to be a suitable surgical procedure for old cervical DF injuries.