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Political Development in Hong Kong: The Failure of Democratization
STEPHAN ORTMANN 이화여자대학교 국제지역연구소 2016 Asian International Studies Review Vol.17 No.2
Democratization in Hong Kong has come to a dead end following the rejection of an electoral reform proposal by the Legislative Council on June 18, 2015. The measure was voted down because pan-democrats had been deeply disappointed by the fact that the reform proposal by the Chinese government would have only allowed pre-screened candidates and thus denied Hong Kongers a true choice. This followed more than two months of street occupations in which protesters demanded real universal suffrage to no avail. This paper seeks to demonstrate how the “China factor” has inhibited the democratization process in four distinct phases of political development. Since World War II, one of the main reasons for the lack of democratization was opposition by the Chinese government. In the late 1980s, the prospect of political reforms in China raised hopes for political change in Hong Kong. This was, however, crushed in 1989, which empowered a democracy movement in Hong Kong. Since the transfer of power from Britain to China in 1997, despite protests for democracy, there has been very little progress toward meaningful democratization. Moreover, in recent years, there has even been a slow process from liberal to illiberal authoritarianism which is accompanied by growing conflicts and even violence as political freedoms are being curtailed.
Graphene Coatings for the Mitigation of Electron Stimulated Desorption and Fullerene Cap Formation
Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Dianat, Arezoo,Ortmann, Frank,Quang, Huy Ta,Cichocka, Magdalena Ola,Gonzalez-Martinez, Ignacio,Fu, Lei,Rellinghaus, Bernd,Eckert, Joergen,Cuniberti, Gianaurelio,Rü,mmeli, Mark American Chemical Society 2014 Chemistry of materials Vol.26 No.17
<P>Graphene already has numerous applications in transmission electron microscopy. Here, we extend its application in electron microscopy by demonstrating its potential to stop electron induced desorption in nonconducting samples, where in essence charge build-up leads to surface atom desorption. Graphene films provide a conduction pathway to prevent charge build-up and do not interfere with the imaging process allowing the direct imaging of specimens sensitive to electron induced desorption. We also show that small graphene flakes on the surface of MgO transform to fullerenes or hemispherical fullerenes. The hemispherical fullerenes anchor to the MgO surface and are of particular interest as they suggest it should be possible to nucleate single walled carbon nanotubes on the surface of oxide supports without the need of a catalyst particle.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2014/cmatex.2014.26.issue-17/cm502043x/production/images/medium/cm-2014-02043x_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm502043x'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
<i>In Situ</i> Observations of Free-Standing Graphene-like Mono- and Bilayer ZnO Membranes
Quang, Huy T.,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Dianat, Arezoo,Ortmann, Frank,Zhao, Jiong,Warner, Jamie H.,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Cunniberti, Gianaurelio,Rü,mmeli, Mark H. American Chemical Society 2015 ACS NANO Vol.9 No.11
Rü,mmeli, Mark H.,Rocha, Claudia G.,Ortmann, Frank,Ibrahim, Imad,Sevincli, Haldun,Bö,rrnert, Felix,Kunstmann, Jens,Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Pö,tschke, Markus,Shiraishi, Masashi,Meyyappan, M.,B&u WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.23 No.39
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Graphene has a multitude of striking properties that make it an exceedingly attractive material for various applications, many of which will emerge over the next decade. However, one of the most promising applications lie in exploiting its peculiar electronic properties which are governed by its electrons obeying a linear dispersion relation. This leads to the observation of half integer quantum hall effect and the absence of localization. The latter is attractive for graphene‐based field effect transistors. However, if graphene is to be the material for future electronics, then significant hurdles need to be surmounted, namely, it needs to be mass produced in an economically viable manner and be of high crystalline quality with no or virtually no defects or grains boundaries. Moreover, it will need to be processable with atomic precision. Hence, the future of graphene as a material for electronic based devices will depend heavily on our ability to piece graphene together as a single crystal and define its edges with atomic precision. In this progress report, the properties of graphene that make it so attractive as a material for electronics is introduced to the reader. The focus then centers on current synthesis strategies for graphene and their weaknesses in terms of electronics applications are highlighted.</P>
Lee, H-S,Li, W,Lee, A,Rodine, P,Graham, R R,Ortmann, W A,Batliwalla, F,Lee, K W,Bae, S C,Behrens, T W,Gregersen, P K Nature Publishing Group 2006 GENES AND IMMUNITY Vol.7 No.7
The current methods for molecular typing of HLA-DR alleles incur a substantial financial burden when performing large population studies. In the current study, we aimed to provide much less expensive typing approach with high predictability for DRB1 genotype. We have used a panel of three microsatellite markers in the class II region (D6S2666, D6S2665 and D6S2446) for genotyping and haplotype reconstruction in a total of 1687 Caucasian (1313 RA patients and 374 controls) and 1364 Korean individuals (744 RA patients and 620 controls), all of whom were previously genotyped for DRB1. We found that a total of 88.4 and 87.4% of all observed three-marker haplotypes could determine the DR type with a positive predictive value >0.8 with high sensitivity and specificity. There was a high degree of haplotype conservation when comparing Caucasian and Asian populations. Interestingly, we found that the majority of DRB1<SUP>*</SUP>09 and DRB1<SUP>*</SUP>10 alleles share a common three-marker haplotype in both Caucasian and Asian populations. This is unexpected, since these two alleles are found on very different haplotype families. In addition, these two alleles are both associated with rheumatoid arthritis, making the elucidation of these haplotype relationships potentially important for understanding disease susceptibility.Genes and Immunity (2006) 7, 533–543. doi:10.1038/sj.gene.6364325; published online 20 July 2006
Baccarani, Michele,Druker, Brian J,Branford, Susan,Kim, Dong-Wook,Pane, Fabrizio,Mongay, Lidia,Mone, Manisha,Ortmann, Christine-Elke,Kantarjian, Hagop M,Radich, Jerald P,Hughes, Timothy P,Cortes, Jorg Elsevier Science Publishers 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY Vol.99 No.5
<P>The TOPS trial evaluated high- (800 mg/day; n = 319) versus standard-dose (400 mg/day; n = 157) imatinib in patients newly diagnosed with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase. Patients had a minimum follow-up of 42 months or discontinued early. Major molecular response (MMR) rates were similar between arms at (51.6 vs 50.2 % for 400 and 800 mg/day, respectively; P = 0.77) and by (75.8 vs 79.0 %; P = 0.4807) 42 months. There were no differences in event-free survival (EFS), progression-free survival(PFS), or overall survival (OS) between arms. The estimated rates of PFS on treatment and OS at 42 months were significantly higher in patients with MMR at 6, 12, and 18 months compared with those without MMR.Adverse events were more frequent with high-dose imatinib. Patients with B1 treatment interruption (vs [1) and those able to maintain imatinib C600 mg/day (vs\600 mg/day) in the first year of treatment had faster and higher response rates, but no improvement in EFS or PFS. Adherence to prescribed dose without interruption may be more important than initiation of therapy with higher doses of imatinib. Achievement of MMR correlated with longterm clinical outcomes.</P>
On the Data Analysis for Classification of Elementary Upper Limb Movements
Dwaipayan Biswas,Andy Cranny,Ahmed F. Rahim,Nayaab Gupta,Koushik Maharatna,Nick R. Harris,Steffen Ortmann 대한의용생체공학회 2014 Biomedical Engineering Letters (BMEL) Vol.4 No.4
Purpose Body worn inertial sensors could be used to assessrehabilitation of patients with impaired upper limb motorcontrol by detecting and classifying how many times particulararm movements (exercises) are made during normal activities. We present a systematic exploration to determine such asystem. Methods Kinematic data was collected from 18 healthysubjects using tri-axial inertial sensors (accelerometers andgyroscopes) located at two positions on the dominant arm asfour fundamental arm movements were repeated 20 timeseach. Ten time domain features were extracted from individualand combinations of sensor axes data, and were used to traina classifier. Three different classifiers were investigated: lineardiscriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis(QDA) and support vector machine (SVM). Each was verifiedusing a leave-one-subject-out technique for a generalizedclassification model, and a ten-fold cross validation techniquefor a personalized classification model. Results LDA repeatedly gave the better results when usingfeatures extracted from individual sensor axes data. When apersonalized learning model is used with LDA, only a singletri-axial sensor (accelerometer or gyroscope) is required toclassify all four of the upper limb movements with a sensitivityin the range 92-100%, using as few as 6-10 time-domainfeatures. By comparison, the generalized model using LDAexhibited lower sensitivity and generally required more features (12-18), reflecting the greater variability inherent in a trainingset comprised of more than one individual’s data. Conclusions We demonstrate that body worn inertial sensorscan classify elementary arm movements using a low complexityalgorithm.