오징어젓 숙성 중 N-nitrosamine 생성에 관한 연구

오창경,김수현,송대진,오명철,김성수 濟州大學校工科大學産業技術硏究所 1996 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 오징어에 식염 20%를 첨가하는 고식염구와 식염 10%에 솔비톨, 에탄올, 젖산 등을 첨가한 저식염구로 나누어 오징어젓을 제조한 후, 이들을 숙성시키면서 N-nitrosamine의 생성 여부와 숙성 중 그의 전구물질인 아질산염과 질산염, DMA 및 TMA와 TMAO의 변화를 검토하였다. 오징어젓 숙성 중 pH는 저식염구가 5.79∼6.07, 고식염구가 6.05∼6.21 사이에서 변화하였다. 아질산염질소와 질산염질소는 각각 0.75∼1.04mg/kg 및 1.22∼1.42mg/kg 사이에서 변화하였다. TMA-N는 숙성 중 계속하여 증가하여 숙성 140일에는 고식염구가 20.1mg%, 저식염구가 14.9mg%였으며, TMAO-N는 생시료에서 27.9mg%이었던 것이 숙성 중기까지 완만하게 증가하다가 그 이후에는 다시 감소하였다. DMA-N는 숙성 중 계속하여 증가하였으며 숙성 140일에는 고식염구는 19.7mg/kr, 저식염구는 13.3mg/kg이었다. 오징어젓의 N-nitrosamine으로는 NDMA만이 검출되었고, 숙성 40일째에 저식염구에 흔적량, 고식염구에 3.8㎍/kg의 양으로 생성되었으며 숙성 중 계속해서 증가하여 57.5∼74.7㎍/kg에 이르렀다. Possibility of formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and changes in their precursors during the fermentation of high salt-fermented squeid, Sepiell maindroni, group with 20% of salt and low salt-fermented squid group with 10% of salt, 6% of ethanol, 6% of sorbitol and 0.5% of lactic acid were investigated. pH during the fermentation of squid changed in the ranges of 5.79∼6.07 and 6.05∼6.21 in low and high salt group, respectively. The contents of nitrite- and nitrate-N during the fermentation were in the ranges 0.75∼1.04 and 1.22∼1.42mg/kg, respectively. Trimethylamine(TMA) was continuously increased during the fermentation and showed 20.1 and 14.9mg% in high and low salt group after 140 days of the fermentation, respectively, while trimethylamine oxide(TMAO) was gradually increased from the beginning until the middle period of fermentation and then was again decreased. Dimethylamine(DMA) was continuously increased during the fermentation and showed 19.7 and 13.3mg/kg in high and low salt group after 140 days of the fermentation, respectively. N-nitrosamines in salt-fermented squid was detected only N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), which its amount was trace in low salt group and 3.8㎍/kg in high salt group on 40 days of the fermentation and then continuously increased in the ranges of 57.5∼74.7㎍/kg in both groups during the fermentation.

肉類의 焙燒 방법에 따른 N-nitrosamine 含量에 關한 硏究

오명철,오창경,김수현 濟州大學校工科大學産業技術硏究所 1995 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.6 No.-

소갈비, 돼지갈비 및 통닭을 가스렌지와 숯불로 焙燒한 후 배소 전후의 N-nitrosamine과 그의 전구물질인 TMAO, TMA, DMA, nitrate 및 nitrite의 함량을 측정하였다. TMAO-N, TMA-N 및 DMA-N은 배소 전후 모든 시험구에서 뚜렷한 변화가 없었으며, 그 함량은 각각 N.D∼0.76 mg/kg, N.D∼2.57mg/kg 및 0.02∼0.60mg/kg 범위였다. 배소 후 nitrate-N는 감소하였고, nitrite-N는 증가하였으며, 그 함량은 각각 4.0∼6.7mg/kg 및 0.7∼3.2mg/kg 범위였다. N-nitrosamine은 배소 후에 NDMA가 5.9∼20.9 ㎍/kg, NDEA가 0∼3.0㎍/kg으로 검출되었다. The contents of N-nitrosmines and its precursors such as TMAO-N, TMA-N, DMA-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N after broiling of beef-ribs, pork-ribs and chicken upon gas range and charcoal fire were investigated. The contents of TMAO-N, TMA-N and DMA-N no changed in all tested meats before and after broiling, and were in the range of N.D∼0.77mg/kg, N.D∼2.57mg/kg and 0.02∼0.60mg/kg, respectively. Nitrate-N discreased and Nitrite-N increased after broiling, and the contents were in the range of 4.0∼6.7mg/kg and 0.7∼3.2mg/kg, respectively. N-nitrosamines detected NDMA and NDEA in the broiled meats, and the contents were in the range of 5.9∼20.9㎍/kg and 0∼3.0㎍/kg respectively.

Control of Reversible Self-Bending Behavior in Responsive Janus Microstrips

Oh, Myung Seok,Song, Young Shin,Kim, Cheolgyu,Kim, Jongmin,You, Jae Bem,Kim, Taek-Soo,Lee, Chang-Soo,Im, Sung Gap American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.13

<P>Here, we demonstrate a simple method to systematically control the responsive self-bending behavior of Janus hydrogel microstrips consisting of a polymeric bilayer with a high modulus contrast. The Janus hydrogel microstrips could be easily fabricated by a simple micromolding technique combined with an initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) coating, providing high flexibility in controlling the physical and chemical properties of the microstrips. The fabricated Janus hydrogel microstrip is composed of a soft, pH-responsive polymer hydrogel layer laminated with a highly cross-linked, rigid thin film, generating a geometric anisotropy at a micron scale. The large difference in the elastic moduli between the two layers of the Janus microstrips leads to a self-bending behavior in response to the pH change. More specifically, the impact of the physical and chemical properties of the microstrip on the self-bending phenomena was systematically investigated by changing the thickness and composition of two layers of the microstrip, which renders high controllability in bending of the microstrips. The curvature of the Janus microstrips, formed by self-bending, highly depends on the applied acidity. A reversible, responsive self-bending/ unbending exhibits a perfect resilience pattern with repeated changes in pH for 5 cycles. We envision that the Janus microstrips can be engineered to form complex 3D microstructures applicable to various fields such as soft robotics, scaffolds, and drug delivery. The reliable responsive behaviors obtained from the systematic investigation will provide critical information in bridging the gap between the theoretical mechanical analysis and the chemical properties to achieve micron-scale soft robotics.</P>

Equaatiorial-Skew [Co(TRDTRA)(OH₂)] 착물과 CN, NO₂그리고 NCS 이온간의 치환반응

都命基,趙榮在,李東鎭,吳昌彦,金東曄 嶺南大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1992 基礎科學硏究 Vol.12 No.-

Equatorial-Skew형[Co(TRDTRA)(OH₂)]착물과 ??,?? 그리고 ?? 이온 간의 치환반응결과 생성된 차물의 치환반응성 및 구조를 전자흡수 스펙트럼과 Yamatera 이론에 따라 조사하였다. 속도론적 자료로부터 착물과 ??,?? 그리고 ?? 이온의 반응차수는 각각 1차이며 총괄 반응차수는 2차임을 알 수 있었다. ?? 및 ?? 이온에서 생성된 착물의 구조는 이성질화 반응이 동반된 Polar-Chair 형이며, ?? 이온의 경우에는 이성질화 반응이 동반되지 않은 Equatorial-Skew 형임을 알 수 있었다. The substitution reaction and structrue of products obtained from the reaction of Equatorial-Skew-[Co(TRDTRA)(OH??)](TRDTRA=trimethylenediaminetriacetate) with ??,??, and NCS ions have been investigated by means of electronic absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculation based on the Yamatera`s theory. According to kinetic data, the substitution reaction order for the complexes such as ??,?? and ?? was the first order, respectively, and overall reaction order was second order. It has been determined that the structure of products having ?? and ?? ions was Polar-Chair type complexes which were accompanying with isomerization and having ?? ion was Equatorial-Skew type complex which was not accompanying with isomerization.

오징어젓 숙성 중 제4급 암모늄 화합물의 변화

김성수,송대진,오명철,오창경,김수현 濟州大學校工科大學産業技術硏究所 1996 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.7 No.1

The changes in precursors of N-nitrosamines, such as choline-N, betaine-N and total creatinine-N, during the fermentation of high salt-fermented squid, Sepiell maindroni, group with 20% of salt and low salt-fermented squid group with 10% of salt, 6% of ethanol, 6% of sorbitol and 0.5% of lactic acid were investigated. During the fermentation, the contents of VBN were rapidly increased from the beginning of the fermentation until 140 days, and these contents were more in high salt groups as compared with low salt groups. The contents of choline-N were little changed until 80 days of the fermentation and slowly decreased after 80 days of the fermentation to 120 days, but the different of the contents between both salt groups were little. Betaine-N also showed the similar tendency to choline-N, but the changes in low salt groups were slowly increased and decreased as compared with these in high salt group. Total creatinine-N was slowly increased from the beginning of the fermentation until 60 days in both salt groups, but rapidly decreased after this to 120 day.

오징어젓 숙성 중 제4급 암모늄 화합물의 변화

김성수,오창경,오명철,송대진,김수현 濟州大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.7 No.1

The changes in precursors of N-nitrosarnines, such as choline-N, betaine-N and total creatinine-N, during the fermentation of high salt-fermented squid, sepiell maindroni, group with 20% of salt and low salt-fermented squid group with 10% of salt, 6% of ethanol, 6% of sorbitol and 0.5% of lactic acid were investigated. During the fermentation, the contents of VBN were rapidly increased from the beginning of the fermentation until 140 days, and these contents were more in high salt groups as compared with low salt groups. The contents of choline-N were little changed until 80 days of the fermentation and slowly decreased after 80 days of the fermentation to 120 days, but the different of the contents between both salt groups were little. Betaine-N also showed the similar tendency to choline-N, but the changes in low salt groups were slowly increased and decreased as compared with these in high salt group. Total creatinine-N was slowly increased from the beginning of the fermentation until 60 days in both salt groups, but rapidly decreased after this to 120 day.

육류의 배소 방법에 따른 N-nitrosamine 함량에 관한 연구

김수현,오명철,오창경 濟州大學校 産業技術硏究所 1995 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.6 No.-

The contents of N-nitrosamines and its precursors such as TMAO-N, TMA-N, DMA-N, nitrite-N and nitrate-N after broiling of beef-ribs, pork-ribs and chicken upon gas range and charcoal fire were investigated. The contents of TMAO-N, TMA-N and DMA-N no changed in all tested meats before and after broiling, and were in the range of N.D-0.77mg/kg, N.D- 2.57mg/kg and 0.02 - 0.06mg/kg, respectively. Nitrate-N discreased and Nitrite-N increased after broiling, and the contents were in the range of 4.0-6.7mg/kg and 0.7-3.2mg/kg, respectively. N-nitrosamines detected NDMA and NDEA in the broiled meats, and the contents were in the range of 5.9 ~ 20.9 ㎍/kg and 0 ~ 3.0 ㎍/kg respectively.

오징어젓 숙성 중 N-nitrosamine 생성에 관한 연구

김성수,오창경,오명철,송대진,김수현 濟州大學校 産業技術硏究所 1996 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.7 No.1

Possibility of formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and changes in their precursors during the fermentation of high salt-fermented squid, Sepiell maindroni, group with 20% of salt and low salt-.fermented squid group with 10% of salt, 6% of ethanol, 6% of sorbitol and 0.5% of lactic acid were investigated. pH during the fermentation of squid changed in the ranges of 5.79 ~6.07 and 6.05~6.21 in low and high salt group, respectively. The contents of nitrite- and nitrate-N during the fermentation were in the ranges 0.75~1.04 and 1.22~1.42mg/kg, respectively. Trimethylamine(TMA) was continuously .increased during the fermentation and showed 20.1 and 14.9mg% in high and low salt group after 140 days of the fermentation, respectively. while trimethylamine oxide(TMA0) was gradually increased from the beginning until the middle period of fermentation and then was again decreased. Dimethylamine(DMA) was continuously increased during the fermentation and showed 19.7 and 13.3mg/kg in high and low salt group after 140 days of the fermentation, respectively. N-nitrosamines in salt-fermented squid was detected only N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), which its amount was trace in low salt group and 3.8~g/kg in high salt group on 40 days of the fermentation and then continuously increased in the ranges of 57.5~74.7μg/kg in both groups during the fermentation.

最近 8年間의 精神神經科 入院 外來 및 患者에 對한 統計的 考察(1960年∼1967年)

李哲奎,盧英一,張煥一,金明源,任允明,韓東洙,吳承煥,金光日 大韓神經精神醫學會 1969 신경정신의학 Vol.8 No.1

1) The number of the out-and in-patients had increased year after year (Table Ⅰ & Ⅲ). 2) Schizophrenia was the greatest number of the in-patients and its rate to whole was 49.1 percent, and neurosis was the greatest number of the out-patients and its rate to whole was 41.66 per cent (Table Ⅰ & Ⅶ). 3) In in-patients, hysteria revealed relatively large in percentage as 11.8% than the other groups (Table Ⅰ). 4) The rate of the male hysteria patients to all male patients was 3.5 per cent and the rate of female hysteria was 20.5 per cent (Table Ⅱ). 5) In in-patients, all the patients of general paresis and alcoholism were only males in sex(Table Ⅱ). 6) In in-patients of schizophrenia, the ratio of the male patients to the female patients was 57.0 : 43.0, but the each rate of each total numbers of the all diseases of the both sexes was almost same (Table Ⅲ). 7) The largest age group of the all patients was between 21∼30 years old, and the next was between 31∼40 years in in-patients (Table Ⅲ). 8) The largest age group of schizophrenia patients was between 21∼30 years and that of M.D.R patients was between 31∼40 years in in-patients (Table Ⅲ). 9) In in-patients of hysteria, the largest age group was between 31∼40 years, and the next was between 21∼30 years (Table Ⅲ). 10) The results of treatment in in-patients were as followings; Recovered; 27.6% Much improved; 43.1% Slightly improved and no changed; 28.2% (Table Ⅳ) 11) The results of treatment in schizophrenia of the in-patients were as followings; Recovered; 19.1% Much improved; 48.3% Slightly improved and no changed; 32.1% (Table Ⅴ) 12) The mode of treatment had been somewhat changed during last 8 years from 1960 to 1967 in treatment of the in-patients (Table Ⅵ). (1) The combined therapy of tranquilizers and EST had been increased, but the therapy of tranquilizer alone or EST alone had been decreased, compared to 1960. (2) The therapy of ICT in the treatment of in-patients had been much decreased.

수용액 및 물-유기용매 혼합용매에서의 Hg$^{2+}$ 에 의한 Co(Ⅲ) 착물의 수화반응

오창언,윤두천,도명기,Oh Chang Eon,Yoon Doo Cheon,Doh Myung Ki 대한화학회 1990 대한화학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Observed rate constants (k$_{obs.}$) for Hg$^{2+}$-catalysed aquation of cis-[Co(en)$_2$(OH$_2$)Cl]$^{2+}$, [Co(NH$_3$)$_5$Cl]$^{2+}$, cis-[Co(NH$_3$)$_4$(OH$_2$)Cl]$^{2+}$, and [Co(NH$_2$CH$_3$)$_5$Cl]$^{2+}$ were measured at various concentrations of Hg$^{2+}$. The k$_{obs.}$ was increased with increasing the concentrations of Hg$^{2+}$. The k$_{obs.}$ were related to mechanistically derived rate constants by the relationship; Rate = k$_2$K[complex][Hg$^{2+}$]. Various mixed aqueous-organic solvent have been successfully employed for Hg$^{2+}$-catalysed aquation of octahedral myetal complexes. From the slope of the plot of log k againt Y (solvent ionizing power), the mechanism on the aquation of Co(Ⅲ) complexes by Hg$^{2+}$ has been suggested to be I$_d$-mechanism. The change in a rate on aquation of each Co(Ⅲ) complex was related to the ligand field parameters (${\Delta}$), for Co(Ⅲ) complexes. 촉매로서 Hg$^{2+}$을 사용한 수화반응에서 cis-[Co(en)$_2$(OH$_2$)Cl]$^{2+}$, [Co(NH$_3$)$_5$Cl]$^{2+}$, cis-[Co(NH$_3$)$_4$(OH$_2$)Cl]$^{2+}$ 및 [Co(NH$_2$CH$_3$)$_5$Cl]$^{2+}$착물들은 Hg$^{2+}$의 농도가 증가할수록 관측속도상수(k$_{obs}$)의 값이 증가하였다. Hg$^{2+}$에 의한 수화반응의 속도법칙은 Rate = k$_2$K[complex][Hg$^{2+}$]이었고, 그 메카니즘이 연구되었다. 또한 여러가지 유기용매-물 혼합용매에서 Co(Ⅲ)착물의 Hg$^{2+}$에 의한 수화반응이 연구되었다. 용매의 성질인 Y (solvent ionizing power)값에 대한 log k를 도시하여 그 기울기인 m값을 얻었다. 그 m값으로부터 수화반응의 메카니즘을 추정하였다. 속도론적인 자료로부터 Hg$^{2+}$에 의한 Co(Ⅲ)착물의 수화반응이 I$_{d^-}$메카니즘으로 제안되었다. 각 Co(Ⅲ)착물의 속도의 차이는 여러가지 리간드가 배위된 Co(Ⅲ)착물의 리간드장파라메타(${\Delta}$)값과 관계가 있었다.