INTERNATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF JAPANESE TRUST RATINGS OF FOREIGN NATIONS

Namkung, Gon The Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1999 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.23 No.1

The study employs a multiregression model to test a hypothesis on international determinants of Japanese trust ratings of 32 foreign nations. I divide explanatory determinants into the following three categories: first, national characteristics of the 32 nation-objects (regime type, economic standard of living, and national power), second, economic interdependence between Japan and the 32 nation-obejcts, and third, inherent cultural similarity to Japan of the 32 nation-objects. I found that both the "political democracy" and "economic interdependence" variables have substantial impacts on Japanese trust ratings of the 32 foreign nation-objects. Based on these findings, it is basically argued that that the promotion of democracy for each nation and multi-level economic interdependence among nations apparently leads to good interpersonal relationship among their peoples as seen in high levels of trust. However, national power and cultural similarity are not good indicators for measuring Japanse turst ratings of foreign nations. Even if national power for a nation is colinear with its economic achievement, I could not find any statistically significant association between national power of a foreign nation-object and Japanese trust rating of that nation. An analysis of a dummy variable (cultural similarity) does not prove that the Japanese give higher trust ratings to East Asian nations than culturally dissimilar and geographically distant nations.

Optimal sequential state discrimination between two mixed quantum states

Namkung, Min,Kwon, Younghun American Physical Society 2017 Physical review. A Vol.96 No.2

<P>Recently, sequential state discrimination, as a quantum-key distribution protocol, has been proposed for multiple receivers. A previous study [J. A. Bergou et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 100501 (2013)] showed that every receiver could successfully perform a sequential state discrimination of two pure states with identical prior probabilities. In this study, we extend the sequential state discrimination to mixed states with arbitrary prior probability. First, we analytically obtain the condition of the receiver's optimal measurement. In addition, we show that the optimal probability for every receiver to share the mixed state prepared by the sender is not zero. Furthermore, we compare the sequential state discrimination to the strategies of quantum reproducing and quantum broadcasting. We find that there are cases in which, unlike that of the pure state, the sequential state discrimination of mixed states shows a better performance than the other strategies.</P>

Primary Productivity of Phytoplankton at the Eutrophic down Reach of a Regulated River (the Han River, Korea)

Namkung, Hyun,Hwang, Gil Son,Kim, Bom Chul,Kim, Kap Soo 한국육수학회 2001 생태와 환경 Vol.34 No.4

수도권의 중심부를 가로지르는 한강의 하류수역은 조수의 영향을 받을 수 있는 하구의 상단부에 위치해 있다. 한강 하류수역은 한강 종합개발사업의 일환으로 이루어진 준설과 수중보 건설에 의해서 강물이 정체되었으며, 또한 지천으로부터 유입되는 많은 오염물질에 의해서 식물플랑크톤의 대량 발생을 촉진할 수 있는 환경으로 변화되었다. 본 연구에서는 부영양한 한강 하류수역에서 식물플랑크톤의 1차생산을 측정하였으며, 더불어 내부생성유기물과 외부기원유기물을 산정하였다. 1차생산력은 C-14 uptake법과 P-I 모델법으로 측정하였다. 1차생산력의 범위는 140∼4,890 mgC m^-2 day^-1(중앙값 1,865 mgC m^-2 day^-1)이었으며, 국내의 부영양한 호수와 유사한 수준이었다. 식물플랑크톤의 생물량 변동은 봄철에 최대치를 보였으며, 유량의 변화와 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 외부기원유기물은 여름철 홍수기를 제외한 연중 내내 지천을 통하여 유입되는 오염물질에 의해서 좌우되었다. 총 유기물 부하량에 대하여 식물플랑크톤의 1차생산이 차지하는 기여도는 40.9%로서, 유수 생태계로서는 높은 수준이었다. The downstream reach of the Han River adjoining Seoul in Korea was the upper boundary of an estuary where tidal effect on the flow rate could be exerted. According to the comprehensive river regulation project, the river was channelized and impounded by two overflow dams, which provided favorable condition for algal growth in this sewage polluted eutrophic reach. In this study primary productivity of phytoplankton was measured in the down reach and the autochthonous and allochthonous organic carbon loadings were estimated. Primary production of phytoplankton measured by C-14 uptake and P-I model method ranged from 140 to 4,890 mgC m^-2 d^-1 (median value 1,865 mgC m^-2 d^-1) showing the level of eutrophic lakes. Phytoplankton density that varied according to water flow rate was highest in spring. Allochthonous organic carbon loading was dominated by sewage input through tributaries in most of days except flood flow period. The average proportion of autochthonous carbon generation by phytoplankton was 40.9%, which is very high proportion for a lotic habitat.

Revision of the Fauna of Korean Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)

Namkung, Joon,Kim, Seung-Tae,Lee, Joon-Ho 한국응용곤충학회 2000 Insecta Koreana Vol.17 No.4

A list of Korean spiders was revised, including 46 families 225 genera 622 species which were reported by December 1999. Of these 61 added species and 37 alterated scientific names were supplemented, and 3 species, which have been reported since June 1994, were newly synonymized. The spider fauna of Korea is composed of 12 Cosmopolitan, 34 Holarctic, 66 Palearctic and 136 Korean endemic species. The spider fauna of Korea has much more similarity with Japanese spider fauna than with those of other countries.

Evaluation of sintering behavior of ash particles from coal and rice straw using optical heating stage microscope at high temperature fouling conditions

Namkung, H.,Hu, X.,Kim, H.T.,Wang, F.,Yu, G. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2016 Fuel processing technology Vol.149 No.-

Ash adhesion and elimination in the gasification process is one of the main challenges in maintaining a continuous operation of the plant. The properties of ash adhesion and elimination are mainly related to particle sintering behavior. Different sintering behaviors of Shenhua coal ash (SCA) and rice straw ash (RSA) below the inherent initial deformation temperature (IDT) were observed by using optical heating stage microscope (OHSM) under CO<SUB>2</SUB> and Ar environments. The particle interaction of the RSA, the IDT of which was lower than that of SCA, was higher than that of SCA at the same temperature. Adding RSA to the SCA was an effective means of increasing particle sintering of SCA. The sintering reaction rate of ash particles highly increased at beginning of sintering stage. The effects of inorganic chemicals in the sintering process were evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and typical fouling indices. The Ca and K were predominant contributors to the increase in sintering. The degree of sintering through the experiments was compared to a modified Frenkel sintering model, which accurately simulated the sintering tendency under isothermal conditions.

Effect of mineral components on sintering of ash particles at low temperature fouling conditions

Namkung, H.,Xu, L.H.,Kim, C.H.,Yuan, X.,Kang, T.J.,Kim, H.T. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2016 Fuel processing technology Vol.141 No.1

The ash deposition phenomenon in the coal gasification process is a severe problem for continuous operation. The ash deposition rate is influenced by the behavior of ash particles on the deposit target. Dropped coal ash particles, which exhibit different behaviors on the deposit surface such as attachment, rebounding, and removal, were observed through the view port of a drop tube furnace (DTF). The different behaviors may be influenced by the state of the ash particles such as the sintering phenomenon, which is a function of the mineral content. To verify the mineral components important in sintering among the ash particles, transformation of the particle shape of synthetic ash reacted at 900<SUP>o</SUP>C was analyzed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Fe, Ca, and Mg components were the main factors for sintering and agglomeration. The Fe, Ca, and Mg components sintered with Si and Al were observed in the mineral mapping of deposited coal ash by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis. Sintering characteristics of coal ash were analyzed by the dilatometer technique. Sintering temperature, shrinkage, and sintering activation energy (E<SUB>sin</SUB>) were all found to be related to the Fe, Ca, and Mg contents.

Identification of gene-gene interactions in the presence of missing data using the multifactor dimensionality reduction method

Namkung, Junghyun,Elston, Robert C.,Yang, Jun-Mo,Park, Taesung Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Genetic epidemiology Vol.33 No.7

<P>Gene-gene interaction is believed to play an important role in understanding complex traits. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was proposed by Ritchie et al. [2001. Am J Hum Genet 69:138–147] to identify multiple loci that simultaneously affect disease susceptibility. Although the MDR method has been widely used to detect gene-gene interactions, few studies have been reported on MDR analysis when there are missing data. Currently, there are four approaches available in MDR analysis to handle missing data. The first approach uses only complete observations that have no missing data, which can cause a severe loss of data. The second approach is to treat missing values as an additional genotype category, but interpretation of the results may then be not clear and the conclusions may be misleading. Furthermore, it performs poorly when the missing rates are unbalanced between the case and control groups. The third approach is a simple imputation method that imputes missing genotypes as the most frequent genotype, which may also produce biased results. The fourth approach, Available, uses all data available for the given loci to increase power. In any real data analysis, it is not clear which MDR approach one should use when there are missing data. In this article, we consider a new EM Impute approach to handle missing data more appropriately. Through simulation studies, we compared the performance of the proposed EM Impute approach with the current approaches. Our results showed that Available and EM Impute approaches perform better than the three other current approaches in terms of power and precision. Genet. Epidemiol. 33:646–656, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

Group-Specific Component(Gc) Polymophism in Korean : Ⅰ. An Investigation on the Phenotypic Distribution of Jeju-do Population Ⅰ. 濟州島人集團에서의 Gc 表現型의 分布에 대하여

Namkung, Yong,Lee, Chung-Choo,Oh, Moon-You 제주대학교 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.-

The polymorphism of the Group-Specific Component(Gc) was studied in serum samples from Jeju-do population of Korea using thin layered (1mm) polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF). Six common subtypes, 1F-1F, 1F-1S, 1S-1S, 1S-2, 1F-S and 2-2, were found. The allele frequencies were for Gc 1F;0.518, for 1S;0.312 and for Gc 2;0. 170, respectively. The heterogeneity rate was 0.5065.

Who Buys Our Brand? The Influence of Consumption Values and the Congruity with Brand Benefits on Brand Identification, Trust and Loyalty

Namkung, Sol,Park, Seong-Yeon Korean Marketing Association 2021 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.22 No.4

This paper explores how the positive effect achieved when consumption value matches brand benefit can increase brand loyalty. Prior research on consumption value mainly focused on perceived value; these studies omit consumers' views of consumption value. Therefore, this study examines the effect of congruence between consumption values (functional, emotional, social, and ethical value) and perceived brand benefits (enabling, enticing, symbolic, and socially responsible benefits) on consumers' brand identification, trust, and loyalty. We find a positive effect on brand identification and brand trust when a consumer's value is similar to a brand benefit, particularly between functional value and enabling benefit, and ethical value and socially responsible benefit. However, congruence between consumption value and perceived brand benefit only had an indirect effect on brand loyalty by mediating brand identification and trust. This study provides a basis for implementing a marketing strategy to build brand assets and increase brand loyalty by providing consumers with the value they want in a diversified market.

Prediction of coal fouling using an alternative index under the gasification condition

Namkung, H.,Xu, L.H.,Kang, T.J.,Kim, D.S.,Kwon, H.B.,Kim, H.T. Applied Science Publishers 2013 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.102 No.-

Coal gasification was carried out in order to verify the coal fouling tendency in the drop tube furnace (DTF), which can simulate an entrained-bed gasifier. Thirteen pulverized coal samples, in the range of bituminous and sub-bituminous, were utilized, and compared, with predictions using a wide range of empirical indices. Large discrepancies were noted in most cases, with respect to experimental results, ash deposition rates, and different indices. Some indices used for anticipating fouling tendency are not co-related with the results of this experiment. A newly approached index, which is especially important considering the diffusivity parameter, looks at the ratio of acid and alkali mineral matters injected into gasifier and heat flux, indicates that traditional expressions are modified to account for other parameters which influence the ash deposition phenomenon. The alternative index resulted in improved correlations between predictions and experimental observations.